INDIAN DUCKS AND THEIR ALLIES, 3 
white uf the abdomen, not sharply defined as in the male; back and 
scapulars vermiculated brown and white, flanks the same but with 
more white, rump, upper tail coverts and tail dusky-brown ; wings as 
in the male but duller and browner,” (Blanford), 
“Length 18:0"; expanse 28°0" ; wing 8°75" ; tail 2°5"; tarsus 1°33! ; 
bill along ridge 1°83".” 
« Bill as in the male but darker, the feet dull leaden-grey, vith the 
webs dusky.” (Macgillivray). 
“Young male has the white at the base of the bill like the adult 
female, but it is a darker and richer colour.” (Salvadori). 
Hume’s young male had the wing only 7:9”, bill straight from base 
to tip 1:7", and at its greatest width °87", 
“The very young female is equally like the young Nyreca, but it 
has the chin, threat, a portion of the lores white, only a little speckled 
with rufous-brown (which white is not exhibited in any of my young 
White-eyes), besides the characteristic bill so much broader than those . 
of young Nyroca of the same age and sex.”” (Hume). 
The measurements of a young female were wing 7-1"; bill straight 
from base to tip 1°6",and at its widest part -78". 
Young in down.—‘“ Crown, nape and upper parts uniform dark olive- 
brown ; throat, sides of the head, and forepart of the neck yellowish- 
white ;a dull greyish band across the lower neck, rest of the under- 
parts dull yellowish, the flanks greyish-yellow; upper mandible blackish, 
tooth of the beak yellowish ; under mandible yellow.” (Dresser), 
The Scaup is a duck of very northern latitudes, breeding. in the 
Palearctic and Nearctic regions in the extreme north of Europe, 
Asia and America up to, if not beyond, N.-H. in Asia, lat, 70°, 
In the winter it extends south to the basin of the Mediterranean, 
Southern Russia and Asia Minor, and Central and South Central Asia 
as far south as Northern India, South China and Japan and Formosa, 
whilst in America it extends as far south, vide Salvadori, as Guatemala, 
In Africa it does not extend south at all, Von Heuglin and, after him, 
Seebohn record it from Abyssinia, but Salvadori says in the Catalogue 
most emphatically “not (to my knowledge) reaching Abyssinia,’’ 
Hven here the southern limits given are rarely attained, large num- 
bers of birds remaining all the winter north of latitude 40°, The 
Scaup is only a very rare winter visitant to Northern India, and I can 
