“ KIELS” BY CARNIVOROUS ANIMALS. 639 
moment run into, and killed, a large wild sow. One had his muzzle 
in the entrails of the hog (see Condition VID), and I hit him witha 
rifle-ball at about 90 yards off.” 
(c) Wolves.—Wolf “kills” used to be common enough in the 
Niphad Taluka of the Nasik District some years ago. In those days I 
did not pay that careful attention to their precise method of procedure 
which would have tended to enhance the interest of this paper. But 
I have had some experience of the systematic procedure adopted by 
these animals, There can be no doubt that they frequently form 
and adopt a preconcerted plan of attack, and it would appear to be 
perfectly immaterial to them where the quarry is eventually seized. 
A few quotations from well-known writers will, 1 think, amply 
repay perusal. Among several similar instances Sterndale quotes the 
case of “three wolves seen to chase a herd of gazelle across a ravine 
in which two others were lying in wait.” A very interesting and 
significant passage occurs in Baldwin’s “ Large and Small Game of 
Bengal,” which I must quote in extenso :— 
“T have mentioned, when writing on the hyena, that the animal, 
when seizing its prey, such as a sheep, goat, or other unfortunate, does 
not invariably fasten onthe neck or throat, as the leopard does, but 
often on the flank or hind quarters. The same remark applies to the 
wolf, and I may add that both these animals, having pulled down a 
victim, almost invariably, I believe, commence their repast by tearing 
a hole in the stomach or flank, and not at the tail, like the large cats ” 
(cf. Conditions V and 1). The same author tells of a goat seized by 
wolves, on which he surprised them, “On examining the dead goat, 
I noticed that large portions of the flesh were torn off the side and 
hind quarters, but not a mark on the throat or back of the neck; she 
had evidently been seized by the flank and pulled down.” 
VI.—The Diagnosis of Panther “ Kills.’—In the diagnosis of a 
“kill,” it would be unwise to regard all the conditions as indispens- 
able. That two, or even more, of the important ones may be departed 
from and the “ kill” yet be the pean of a panther, I have proved 
in my own experience. 
On one occasion, Mr. Brown (I.C.8.) and I examined a “kill,”’ not 
four miles from Godhra, in the Panch Mahals. We could find (a) no 
teeth-marks on the throat, and (0) no clear signs of any dragging, 
