VERTEBRATE ANIMALS IN INDIA, CEYLON, AND BURMA. 677 
A review of the fauna of these tracts leads to the following conclusions :— 
I, The Punjab tract differs greatly in its fauna from the Indian peninsula 
and from al! countries to the eastward, so greatly that it cannot be regarded 
_as part of the Indo-Malay or Oriental region, (f terrestrial mammals, bats 
excluded, 30 genera are met with, of which 8 or 263 per cent, are not Indian, 
whilst of reptiles (omitting crocodiles and chelonians) 46 genera occur, and 
of these 20 or 433 per cent. are unknown further east. Of the corresponding 
orders of mammalia 46 and of reptiles 80 genera occur in the Peninsula, and 
24 or 52 per cent, of the former and 57 or 64 per cent. of the latter are not 
found in the Punjab tract, The differences would be larger but for the fact 
that certain genera, for instance, Antilope and Boselaphus (nilgai), are found 
east of the Indus though not further west,and that a few Indian species 
straggle into the Punjab area, All the genera met with in the Punjab tract 
and wanting farther east are either Holarctic forms or peculiar, but with 
Holarctic affinities. 
The Punjab, Sind, and Western aie arein fact the eastérn extremity 
of the area known as the Hremian or Tyrrhenian or Mediterranean sub- 
region, generally regarded as part of the Holarctie region, but by some 
classed as a region by itself corresponding to the Sonoran in North America, 
II, The Himalayas above the forests and such portions of Tibet as come 
within Indian political limits (Gilgit, Ladak, Zanskar, &c,) belong to the Tibe- 
tau sub-region of the Holarctic region. Of twenty-five mammalian genera 
hitherto recorded from No, 11 (the Tibetan) tract, llor 44 per cent. are not 
-found in the Indo-Malay region, That Tibet forms a distinct mammalian 
sub-region has already been shown in other papers,” 
III, India proper from the base of the Himalayas to Cape Comorin, and 
from the Arabian Sea and the eastern boundary of the Punjab tract to the 
Bay of Bengal and the hills forming the eastern limit of the Gangetic allu- 
vium, should, with the addition of the island of Ceylon, be regarded as a 
single sub-region and may be conveniently entitled the Cisgangetic 
sub-region.| ‘he forests of the Sahyadri range and of the Western 
-or Concan and Malabar coast and the hill area of Southern Ceylon have a far 
richer fauna than the remaining area, but are not sufficiently distinct to 
_ Fequire sub-regional separation, 
The hill fauna of the Sahyadri range, specially on the faeens portions, 
such as tke Nilgiri and Anaimalai Hills, and that of the hill group in South- 
western Ceylon, contain several Himalayan genera and species, but not 
sufficient to enable the S, Indian and Ceylonese areas to be classed with the 
Himalayan forest area in a separate sub-division or sub-region, 
The Cisgangetic sub-region is distinguished from the Meanagangette lly the 
presence amongst mammals of Hyenide, Erinaceine, Gerbilline, of three 
* ¢ Geol, Mag.,’ 1892 (3), vol. 9,p. 164; ‘ P.Z.S,, 1893, p. 448. 
+ The terms “ Cisgangetic” and “ Transgangetic ” have already been employed by Profes- 
sor Gadow, /,s.c, 
