VERTEBRATE ANIMALS IN INDIA, CEYLON, AND BURMA, 679 
fossil faunas of the Nerbudda and the Karnul Caves, was much larger than 
at the present day. sera 
There are some other peculiarities of the Indian Peninsular fauna to which 
attention may be called. One of these is the presence of genera and some- 
times of species which are found on both sides of the Bay of Bengal, but not 
in the Himalayas or Northern India, A good example is afforded by the 
genus Trayulus, of which one species inhabits Ceylon and India south of 
about 22° N, lat., whilst two others are found in Southern Tenasserim and the 
Malay Peninsula. In Pliocene times, the genus inhabited Northern India, 
Another instance is the lizard, Liolepis guttatus, found in Burma and Arrakan, 
and also in South Canara on the West Coast of India, Examples amongst 
reptiles are rather numerous, Moreover, whilst there are numerous alliances 
between the animals of Peninsular India and those of Africa, there are also 
“some curious connections between India and Tropical America, but these are 
chiefly amongst invertebrates. Some, however, are found in reptiles, It is 
probable that such Indo-American connections are vestiges of older life than 
the Indo-African, They are of course, generally speaking, instances of animal 
groups once more widely distributed, but now only preserved ina few favour- 
able tropical localities. 
IV. The forest area of the Himalayas belongs to the same sub-region as 
Assam, Burma (except South Tenasserim), Southern China, Tonquin, Siam,and 
Cambodia, and to this sub-region the term Tranagangetic may be applied. It is 
distinguished from the Cisgangetic sub-region by the absence of the animals 
already specified as characteristic of that area and by the presence of the 
following, which are wanting in the Indian Peninsula—Mammals: The fami- 
lies Simiide, Procyonide, Talpide, and Spalacide, and the sub-family 
Gymnurine, besides numerous genera, such as Prionodon, Helictis, Arctonyz, 
Atherura, Nemorhaldus, and Cemas. Birds: The families Eurylemide, Indica- 
toride, and Heliornithide, and the sub-family Paradoxornithine, Reptiles : 
Platysternide and Anguide. Batrachians: Discophide, Hylide, Pelobatide, 
and Salamandride, 
The following are the numbers of the genera in the different classes record- 
ed from the Indian portion of the Transgangetic region, bui not from the 
Cisgangetic :— 
Transgangetic., Not Cisgangetic. 
Mammals’ wiccnceree gree) 10 26 or 35 per cent, 
IBIS) eat eas base osdue 475 174 or 36°5 ~ 
IREP TIES,‘ joemwisevtasvavese 84 30 or 35°5 A 
Batrachians ...........- 16 8 or 50 i: 
Fresh water fishes ...... 67 18 or 27 
eed 
Omitting bats, the number of Transgangetic mammals within Indian limits 
are fifty-four, of which 22 or 40 per cent, are not Cisgangetic. 
The relations of the Himalayan fauna to that of Assam and Burma on the 
_one hand, and to that inhabiting the Peninsula of India on the other, may be 
