Illiiigworth — Early references to Hazi'aiiaii ciiloinology 17 



corded in Hawaii. Icerya purchasi Mask, is thought to have made its 

 appearance in the islands during the spring of 1889. By 1890 it had be- 

 come widely distributed in the gardens of Honolulu. During the follow- 

 ing year, C. V. Riley (137) reported that it had been successfully con- 

 trolled by the Vedalia beetle introduced from California. Nevertheless, 

 other coccids began to make themselves felt, even attacking the cofifee, 

 which was so seriously affected that Mr. Albert Koebele, who had been so 

 successful with the California State Board of Horticulture, was engaged 

 in 1893 by the Hawaiian Government to search Australia for its natural 

 enemies (143, 145)- His work proved eminently successful and by 1895 

 there was a marked decrease in many of the scale insects owing to the 

 natural enemies introduced ( 1 54 ) . Chief among these friendly insects 

 were lady bird beetles (Coccinellidae), fully three dozen species being in 

 the list (153). As new scales continued to make their appearance in the 

 islands, coming in on frequent plant and fruit importations, Koebele's valu- 

 able services were retained. By 1897 he had brought in fully 200 species 

 of ladybird beetles besides many other natural enemies of various harmful 

 insects (175). 



The numerous scale insects were fairly well under control and Koebele 

 began to turn his attention more seriously to other pests. In 1899 Koebele 

 (202) wrote: 



About the middle of April my attention was called to a troublesome fly upon 

 cattle and on the 26th of the same month, the first specimens were brought to me 

 . . . and during the summer it spread over all the islands. 



This pest later proved to be the European horn-fly, Haematobia irritans 

 Linn, which had reached the mainland of the United States about ten 

 years earlier. Koebele further relates : "The first flies were noticed on 

 the island of Oahu during February 1898, by Mr. J. P. Mendonca of the 

 Kaneohe ranch." During 1900, pests of various crops were studied and 

 the introduction of natural enemies was continued (215). It was at this 

 time that a tineid larva of cotton balls was first reported, which eventually 

 was found to be the pink boll-worm, Geleckia gossypiella Sndrs. 



The Japanese Beetle {Adoreius slnicus Burm.) is reported to have come 

 into the islands about 1891, probably in soil from Japan (142). Four 

 years later it had already become such a pest that serious consideration was 

 given to the introduction of such natural enemies as moles, bats, and toads 

 (153). In 1897, 600 bats were introduced from California but apparently 

 they never became established (175). Better results were secured by the 

 introduction of toads from California and frogs from Japan. These re- 

 produced freely in the streams here. But the spread of the beetle was 

 rapid and by 1897 it was also reported from Maui and Kauai. Koebele 



