WENRICH: SPERMATOGENESIS OF PHRYNOTETTIX MAGNUS. 609 
sometimes radiate out from the composite granule like the spokes of a 
wheel from its hub. Such a stage corresponds to the bouquet stage 
of Eisen (00). At the end of the pachytene stage the granules 
composing the composites separate out again, apparently without 
having changed their identity (Plate 3, fig. 35-37). 
The tendency of the polar granules to remain on one side of the 
nucleus may be interpreted as evidence of a somewhat persistent 
polarity of the nucleus as a whole. It will therefore be convenient to 
speak of that region of the nucleus where the majority of the polar 
granules are congregated as the proximal pole, and the opposite side 
as the distal pole, of the nucleus. 
In my description of the leptotene and zygotene stages it will have 
been noticed that no mention is made of the contraction, or synezesis, 
stage (McClung ’05). Such a phenomenon has not appeared in my 
material and, as has been claimed by McClung (’00, ’05), Davis (’08) 
and others, is probably not normal in the Orthoptera. 
I shall use the term synapsis in the same sense in which it was 
originally used by Moore (’95), that is, to indicate the process of 
coupling or conjugation of the chromosomes of the last spermatogonia 
to form those of the first spermatocyte. Following Wilson (’09), I 
shall use parasynapsis to denote side-by-side conjugation, and telo- 
synapsis to denote end-to-end conjugation. 
For the purpose of determining more accurately the history of the 
changes undergone by the chromatin through the successive stages 
outlined above, three individual autosome-pairs have been selected 
for detailed study. To distinguish them from the other autosomes, 
I shall call them the selected chromosomes. 
B. SyYNApsis. 
a. The Postspireme Stages. 
Of the various methods by which the diploid series of chromosomes 
could unite in pairs to form the haploid, or reduced, series, the two 
which have been more frequently defended are: — (1) that by which 
the members of each pair unite end-to-end (telosynapsis), and (2) . 
that by which they unite side-by-side (parasynapsis). Evidence in 
favor of both methods has been gained from observations on orthop- 
teran material. The writer, without prejudice in favor of either, view, 
undertook to discover which of these processes occurs in Phrynotettix. 
