WENRICH: SPERMATOGENESIS OF PHRYNOTETTIX MAGNUS. 99 
De Saedeleer (’13) finds in Ascaris all the typical stages of the 
growth-period:—leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, and diplotene; he 
consequently believes that parasynapsis occurs. 
Among the CrusTACEA parasynapsis has been found by McClendon 
.and by Kornhauser for Copepoda and by Fasten for Cambarus. 
McClendon (’10) found parasynapsis in both the odgenesis and the 
‘spermatogenesis of Pandarus sinuatus, but could not decide which of 
the maturation divisions were reductional. Kornhauser (’15) gives 
a very full account of a careful study of the process of parasynapsis in 
Hersilia apodiformis, thus confirming the earlier results, as to the 
existence of parasynapsis in Copepoda, of Lerat (’05), Matschek (’09), 
and McClendon (’10). In this paper he clears up the uncertainty in 
regard to this group brought about by the unique theories held by 
Hacker (’92) and his followers. Kornhauser demonstrates very 
clearly that the so-called ‘Querkerbe,’ which Hacker and his followers 
interpreted as the point of end-to-end union, is nothing more than the 
synaptic point of the chromosomes which have a median or non- 
terminal spindle-fiber attachment. The Copepoda are thus brought 
into line with the majority of other forms. Fasten (’14) finds para- 
synapsis in Cambarus, and although he is dealing with a very large 
number of chromosomes (the diploid number is about 200), his figures 
of the leptotene and zygotene stages are quite convincing. 
With respect to work on insect material, I have already mentioned 
that on OrTHOPTERA. The results of Stevens are unusual in that she 
has described telosynapsis for Blatta (’05), Stenopalmatus (’05), and 
Forficula (’10b), while in Ceuthophilus (’12@) she found parasynapsis. 
In the last mentioned article she says (p. 227) “I should not be sur- 
prised if the range of variation should prove to extend from (a) cases 
where there is nothing that could be called conjugation, but merely 
such a pairing without contact even, as will secure segregation of 
homologous maternal and paternal chromosomes to different daughter 
cells, through (b) an intermediate condition of telosynapsis and less 
intimate parasynapsis, to (c) cases where homologous chromosomes 
are so completely fused in parasynapsis that it is impossible to tell 
whether the resulting chromosomes which are segregated in mitosis 
are identical with those that went into synapsis or not.’”’ It may be 
that more intensive studies will reveal greater uniformity of behavior 
than Stevens advocated. 
Payne (’14), in a brief description of tetrad formation in Forficula 
sp., reaches only tentative explanations and conclusions. He finds a 
variable number of chromosomes in the two maturation divisions and 
suggests that this might be accounted for by supposing that some of 
