WHEELER: ANTS OF THE GENUS FORMICA. 403 
According to Emery this, the typical form of the species, is distrib- 
uted throughout the Palaearctic region, but in the southern portions 
of Europe and Asia occurs only in hilly or mountainous country. 
In Europe it ranges south as far as Sicily, in Asia as far as the Hima- 
layas (Cashmir) and Lahoul, on-the frontier of Thibet. 
The workers of sanguinea colonies make raids during the summer 
months on colonies of F. fusca and the other species cited above and 
pillage their pupae. Many of these are devoured, but a number of 
them are permitted to develop to maturity in the sanguinea nests 
and thus become “slaves,” or “auxiliaries.”” The colonies are there- 
fore said to be of the “mixed” type. When old, however, these 
colonies often lose the predatory habit and become slaveless. Vieh- 
meyer, Donisthorpe, and Wasmann have shown that the female 
sanguinea establishes her colony by entering a fusca nest, appropriat- 
ing some of the pupae and killing or driving away any of the fusca 
workers that venture to attack her or seek to deprive her of her booty. 
She guards the kidnapped young and eventually helps them to hatch, 
thereby surrounding herself with a troop of nurses for her own brood 
as soon as she begins to lay. This method of colony formation in 
the typical sanguinea is the same as that first described by myself 
for our American subspecies rubicunda and subintegra (vide p. 408). 
The nests of sanguinea have the form of low, obscure mounds of 
earth, or are excavated under stones or logs or around stumps or the 
roots of plants, and their openings are often banked with a small 
amount of vegetable detritus. This ant is restless and fond of 
moving to new quarters from time to time. In some countries it 
regularly occupies nests in sheltered situations such as woodlands 
during the winter months but moves to nests in sunny, open places 
during the summer. When moving to new nests the workers carry the 
slaves in their mandibles. The worker sanguinea is very courageous 
and fiercely resents interference with its nests, using its mandibles and 
injecting formic acid into the wounds made with these. 
2. F. SANGUINEA SANGUINEA Var. MOLLESONAE Ruzsky. 
F. sanguinea var. mollesonae Ruzsky, Rev. Russe entom., 1903, p. 206, 8 ; 
Formicar. Imper. Ross. 1905, p. 420; Emery, Deutsch. ent. zeitschr., 
1909, p. 184. 
Worker. Differs from the worker of the typical form in having 
the epinotum much more rounded in profile. 
Transbaikalia, Siberia. 
