428 BULLETIN: MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 
North and Middle Europe. 
According to Forel, this variety is usually smaller than the typical 
rufa and pratensis, more like the former in pilosity and more like 
the latter in color, but the reverse conditions are also found. The 
formicaries, too, are intermediate in all respects. 
23. FORMICA RUFA RUFA var. SANTSCHII, nom. nov. 
F. rufa var. alpina Santschi, Bull. Soc. ent. France, 1911, p. 349, 1 fig., 8 ; 
Forel, Rev. Suisse zool., 1911, 19, p.457; Emery, Deutschr. ent. zeitschr., 
1912, p. 672. 
Worker. Differing from the typical rufa in having the head pro- 
portionally longer and narrower (one fourth longer than broad), the 
scapes longer and extending further beyond the posterior corners 
of the head, the thorax narrower, the pro- and mesonotum more con- 
vex and the gaster a little larger. In size, color, and pilosity like the 
typical form. 
Mountains north of Sondrio, Northern Italy (G. Valerio). Also 
in Great Britain, according to Donisthorpe, and Norway, according to 
Forel. 
Santschi believes that this variety of rufa may prove to be merely 
an abnormality produced by entoparasitism of Mermis or Pelodera 
or by ectoparasitism of other insects. The name alpina is preoccupied 
for a variety of F. adamsi Wheeler. 
24. F. RUFA PRATENSIS Retzius. 
F. pratensis Retzius, Gen. & spec. ins., 1783, p. 75, 8 ; Roger, Verz. Formic., 
1863, p. 13; Ern. André, Rev. mag. zool., 1874, ser. 3, 2, p. 184; Forel, 
Bull. Soc. Vaud. sci. nat., 1875, ser. 2, 14, pt. 75, p. 58, 61; Ern. André, 
Spec. Hymén. Europe, 1882, 2, pt. 14, p. 184, 189, 8 9 co; Mayr, 
Fedtschenko’s Turkestan. Formicid., 1877, p. 6; Lubbock, Ants, bees, 
wasps, ed. 5, 1882, p. 441; Forel, Ann. Soc. ent. Belg., 1886, 30, p. 136, 
138; Wasmann, Deutsch. ent. zeitschr., 1887, 31, p. 109; Forel, Ann. 
Mus. St. Petersbourg, 1904, 8, p. 385. 
F. rufa Christ, Naturg. ins., 1781, p. 510, pl. 60, f. 7, @ o*; Huber, Recherches 
moeurs fourm. indig., 1810, p. 320, 8 9 o&. 
F. congerans Nylander, Acta Soc. Fennica, 1846, 2, p. 906, 8 ; Ibid., 1849, 8, 
p. 26, 30, 0; ‘Forster, Hymen. stud., 1850,1, p.17, 8 9 o; Mayr, Verh. 
Zool. bot. ver. Wien, 1855, 5, p. 332, 8 @ &; Europ. Formicid., 1861, 
p. 46-48, 8 2 o&; F. Smith, List Brit. anim. Brit. mus., 1858, pt. 6, p. 2, 
plo 3) 4. 407-8. 
