116 BULLETIN OF THE 



('88, p. 533) asserts that the funiculus arises as a longitudinal ridge on 

 the outer layer of the oral wall of the young polypide at the time of 

 the formation of the alimentary tract, and that the cells of this ridge 

 are cut off from the bud to form the funicular cord. Soon after this 

 embryonic cells from the inner layer of the young polypide penetrate 

 into the midst of the cord through its proximal end, and thus lay the 

 foundation of the statoblast. 



Concerning the origin of the muscles, Nitsche (75, p. 354) states that 

 they are simple elements of the outer cell-layer of the bud, which were 

 originally situated in the angle of attachment of the bud to the inner 

 layer of the colony-wall, and that by the growth of this wall they be- 

 come drawn out into spindle-shaped cells. 



I have decided to treat of these two organs together, since their ori- 

 gin and development are curiously similar. According to my belief, 

 both arise, in part at least, from the inner cell-layer of the colony- 

 wall. At a stage slightly earlier than that of the first appearance of the 

 fully formed funiculus (Plate II. Fig. 11, cl. fun.), I have always found 

 a disturbed condition of the ccelomic epithelium. This is particularly 

 noticeable on that side of the young lateral bud upon which the median 

 bud is about to arise. In some cases I have seen the cells of this 

 layer taking on all the characters of wandering cells, as seen at cl. fun., 

 Figure 22, Plate III., where some have already begun to group themselves 

 into a funiculus-like cord. At Figure 57, cl.fun., Plate VI., the funiculus 

 is seen lying close to the oral w T all of the polypide. That it has not 

 arisen in precisely the manner described by Braem is probable from this 

 figure alone, for the proximal end of the funiculus is not yet connected 

 with the wall of the colony. If my view is correct, this connection 

 arises only secondarily (Fig. 2, fun.). I am, however, inclined to be- 

 lieve that the distal end of the funiculus arises in a different way from 

 the proximal, and in the manner described by Braem. My evidence 

 for this is, that I have twice seen at this point cells in the act of 

 dividing so as to contribute daughter cells to the funiculus. Figure 53, 

 Plate VI., shows the condition of the distal end of the funiculus, fun., 

 which passes, without any line of demarcation, into the outer layer of 

 the bud ; this layer is normally one cell thick, but in the region of 

 funicular formation it is two cells thick. The proximal end of the 

 funiculus is, at this stage, attached to the ccelomic epithelium of the 

 roof of the colony, tct. That an attachment should occur in this man- 

 ner, and become quite intimate, is not strange, considering the origin 

 of the funiculus from amoeboid cells, and the fact that, even at a late 



