ON THE ETHNOGE.iPniCAL SURVEY OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. 623 



of prehistoric remains, sucb as a stone circle, several ancient forts, and a 

 British village ; also some Roman remains. The history of the family of 

 Holmes of Mardale has been traced to the year 1060, when their ancestor, 

 John Holme, came from Norway and settled there. 



Aspatria, with a coal-mining and agricultural population, is a large 

 parish in central Cumberland, and the outlying hamlets are aboriginal. 

 Dalston is a large agricultural and manufacturing village, with similar 

 hamlets. 



Orton, an agricultural village near Car-lisle, is a very primitive place, 

 surrounded by a hedge as a protection against moss troopers, and having 

 the fields all laid out on a plan which is the survival of an early villao'e 

 community. 



Alston is a very secluded district of lead miners, tall in limb, very fair, 

 due, it is said, to a German strain of miners in the fourteenth century. 



Mr. Ferguson remarks that the west of Cumberland is permeated 

 with Irish miners, at the hasmatite mines, but AUonby remains a most 

 primitive community, largely Quaker. Bromfield is agricultural, with 

 some mining. Wastdale and Eskdale furnish fine specimens of un- 

 adulterated Norsemen. Brampton is agricultural and mining; Laner- 

 cost agricultural. 



The parish of Addingham, in which Mr. Turnbull lives, consists of 

 four townships, Gamblesby, Glassonby, Hunsonby, and Little Salkeld. 

 In the three last named the old type of resident yeomen is fast dying out. 

 Gamblesby is situated at the base of Fiend's Fall : the population is a 

 little under 300, and the people are, for the most part, living on their own 

 estates. 



WeSTMORLAJs'D. 



Places 

 Appleby . 

 Eavenstonedale 

 Ashby 

 Orton 

 Swaledale , 

 Troutbcck . 

 Kentmere 

 Lakeland generally 



By whom suggested 

 jNIr. Ferguson. 

 Canon Mathews, 



The Rev. J. Wharton. 

 Mr. Ferguson. 



Appleby and the neighbouring villages are described as aboriginal 

 and sleepy hollows. In the villages named by Canon Mathews the in- 

 habitants have been notoriously adscripti glebce. At Eavenstonedale are 

 some of the most extensive remains of great works in the remote jiast, 

 and the population and dialect are exceptional. The whole parish of 

 Orton is a complete treasury of ancient civilisations and early wars. At 

 Swaledale the dialect and mode of enumeration are peculiar, and have been 

 hitherto classed vaguely as ancient British. A glossary of Swaledale words 

 was published by the English Dialect Society in 1873. The superstitions 

 of the county point to fire worship and an oriental origin (in Mr. Wharton's 

 opinion) quite as much as to a Scandinavian source. He thinks the 

 original race must have been orientals, dark-complexioned, and diminutive 

 (as suggested by Professor Boyd Dawkins), and that they fled to the 

 mountains before the advance of a stronger people, these latter even 

 belonging to a prehistoric period. While in counties of more level 

 physical character, richer soil, larger population, and greater agricultural 



