ON THE EARTHQUAKE AND VOLCANIC PHENOMENA OV JAPAN. 117 



the surface of the earth for a distance of between forty and fifty miles. 

 In the Neo Valley, where it runs nearly N. and S., it looks like one side 

 of a railway embankment about 20 or 30 feet in height. The fields at 

 the bottom of this ridge were formerly level with the fields now at the 

 top of it. In Mino, where it strikes towards the east, it is represented 

 by subsidences and mound-like ridges, suggesting the idea that they 

 might have been produced by the burrowing of a gigantic mole. 

 Although there is only 20 feet of displacement on the surface, from what 

 we know of surface disturbances resulting from the caving in of sub- 

 terranean excavations, the maximum throw of this fault is in all prob- 

 ability veiy much greater than that which is accessible for measurement. 

 Not only have the rice-fields been lowered, but, according to the 

 peasants, the mountain peaks on the western side of the valley have 

 decreased in height. 



Not only is there evidence of subsidence along this line, but there are 

 many evidences of horizontal displacements. Lines of roads have been 

 broken, and one part of them thrown to the right or left of their original 

 direction ; whilst fields which were rectangular have been cut in two, and 

 one-half relative to the other half been shifted as much as 18 feet up or 

 down the valley. One result of this is that landowners find there has 

 been a partial alteration in the position of their neighbours. A more 

 serious change has been the permanent compression of ground, plots 

 which were 48 feet in length now measuring only 30 feet in length. It 

 appears as if the whole Neo Valley had become narrower. A similar efiecfc 

 is noticeable in the river-beds, where the piers of bridges are left closer 

 together than they were at the time of their construction. 



Since the big shock about 3,000 minor shakings have been recorded. 

 At Gifu and Nagoya, where most of these were felt, their distribution with 

 regard to time was as follows, the numbers representing the number of 

 shocks which were recorded during successive intervals of ten days : 



The most violent shakings took place high up in the Neo Valley, on 



