TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION E. 817 



C. Ae^'oss the Veldt to Lohengula's Capital. 

 Bi/ Lieut. H. Crichton Bkowne. 



7. On Opening lielations ivith the Kaiisa Race of West Soudan. 

 Bij A. Herbert Hallen. 



I. In the Western Soudan there are many tribes, hat two chief — Hausa and 

 Fellani. Fellani ov Fulbe : these are warlike, fanatical, pastoral. The Hausa are 

 brave, but not so fond of war ; not fanatical, but commercial. Where the two 

 come in contact Hausa language predominates. 



II. The author gave a sketch outline of Hausa land, its population, physical 

 geography, meteorology and climate, political economy, nature of people and 

 social economy, slavery, education, towns, religion. 



III. The author then spoke of the work to Tje done and of the necessity of 

 learning the Hausa language. He pointed out (1) the commercial importance ; (2) 

 previous work and its sliortcomings in this direction ; (3) comparative philology ; 

 (4) dialects ; (5) writing in Arabic characters. He then went on to refer to 

 ethnology, customs, history, folk-lore, music, climatolog)', geology, &c. Mr. 

 Kallen then described his proposed method of work under the heads : — (a) Pre- 

 liminary knowledge of Arabic ; (6) preliminary residence in Tripoli ; (c) residence 

 in Hausa — where? and methods of drawing the people: (1) personal influence 

 and discussion; (2) medical ; (3) non-interference in local politics ; (4) educational, 

 (i.) juvenile, (ii.) adult ; (5) diffusion of useful books, specially simple illustrated 

 agricultural books, in their own language. 



8. Ttepovt of the Committee on the Climatolorjical and Hijdrographical 

 Conditions of Tropical Africa. — See Reports, p. 367. 



TUESDAY, AUGUST 9. 



The following Papers were read : — 



1. On Professor Alhrecht PencFs Proposed Map of the World on a Scale of 

 1 : 1,000,000. By E. G. Ravenstein. 



At the recent Geographical Congress of Bern Dr. Penck proposed the publica- 

 tion of a map of the entire world on a uniform scale of 1 : 1,000,000. This pro- 

 position was favourably entertained, and a committee was appointed to take steps 

 for its realisation. That the scale chosen is the most suitable for the purpose 

 will hardly be doubted by anyone practically acquainted with the mapping of 

 the world. To construct such a map on a projection embracing considerable 

 portions of the earth's surface, if not entire continents, would necessarily have led 

 to an amount of distortion quite inadmissible in a map on such a scale. Dr. Penck, 

 therefore, does wisely to accept the method of drawing each sheet on an inde- 

 pendent projection, which was first adopted in India, and has subsequently been 

 introduced into Germany, Austria, the United States, and other countries. By 

 this method the separate sheets are nearly equivalent and orthomorphic, the error 

 for a 5-degree sheet under low latitudes, never exceeding 4 l-1050ths. This is 

 less than the error due to the expansion of the paper in the printing-press. Each 

 sheet, up to 60° N., would embrace five degrees in each direction ; the more 

 northern sheets would embrace ten degrees of longitude each. The representation 

 of the whole earth, including the sea, would require 936 of these sheets, whilst the 

 land alone could be shown on 769 sheets. 



Physical and political features are to be adequately considered. Rivers are to 



1892. 3 a 



