TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION F. 845 



receives in partial remuneration of his labour and in addition to his ordinary wages 

 a share fixed beforehand in the profits realised by his employer. Under industrial 

 co-operation the workers are their own employers, their remuneration consistinfr, 

 not in wages, but in the entire earnings of the business divided in agreed propor- 

 tions. Profit-sharing is applicable only in a restricted, co-operation in a very 

 narrow range of cases. But the object of co-operation — the just distribution of 

 the product of industry — may be attained under the non-co-operative wage-systena 

 to an extent greater than is frequently supposed. 



5. The Criminal and the Habitual Offender from, an Economic, Statistical, 

 and Social Standpoint. By J. F. Sutherland, M.D. (Edi-.i.) 



The author sets forth in extenso, for the first time so far as he is aware, an 

 analysis of the criminal returns, with the object of proving how, under a system of 

 procedure which should have been condemned long ago as antiquated and hurtful, 

 a large and increasing number of offenders (habitual) — for the most part idlers and 

 drunkards — thrive iu an industi'ious community, and not only so, but the ineffec- 

 tual attempts to reform the individual, ainl to make him or her tiolens ant volena 

 a contributor to the national wealth and prosperity, are made at enormous cost 

 from funds provided by the industrious members of societj% 



The annual bill which the nation pays without murmur for the repression of 

 crime falls little short of 8,000,000^., and the results so far as the * habitual ' is 

 concerned are simply nil. Nay, more, it can be demonstrated that there is every 

 encouragement to continue idle and debauched. 



It will be observed that the number of apprehensions. Sec, by the police in tlie 

 United Kingdom and Ireland for otfeuces against the laws which society from time 

 to time has framed for its protection number over a million (1,148,190), or 1 to 

 33 of the population ; England contributing 755,740, or 1 to 39 of the population ; 

 Scotland 151,480, or 1 to 2G of the population ; and Ireland 240,970, or 1 to 19. 

 This is a black record, but in truth tilings are not so bad as they look. These 

 enormous totals, be it understood, do not represent so many units of the population 

 who have by choice or by force of circumstances gone under in the struggle. Far 

 from it. What investigation shows is this, that under the system one individual 

 or unit is responsible for as many as five, ten, ticenty, forty, and fifty apprehensions 

 iu the course of a single year. These are the non-producing units whom the 

 Avriter desires to see deprived of the liberties and opportunities which permit them, 

 without let or hindrance, not merely to otl'end against a code of decency and 

 morality, but to live lives of idleness at the expense of the industrious taxpayer. 



After the million and odd have been examined and sifted they dwindle dowr» 

 to less than a fourth of their original proportions, and these 255,314 have to be 

 looked for and found within the prisons of the country: 137,000 persons are 

 responsible for the 255,314 commitments to prison. Of these the really worthless 

 and idle are few. They are made up of 12,380 felons, &c., and 10,100 habitual 

 (petty) oft'enders. 



In the community there are four well-defined specimens of the hostes humani 

 qeneris. First, the genuine criminal or felon who is only responsible for 2 per cent, 

 of the entire apprehensions, and 36,650 of the same (jenus at large ; second, th& 

 ' casual ' offender, 100,000 or thereby in number. As a rule, the ' casual ' is an 

 industrious and productive member of the commonwealth, but occasionally com- 

 mits follies which bring him or her within the grasp of the law. Third, the 

 'habituals,' 10,100 in number, Scotland's share being 1,500. These neither toil 

 nor spin, have no settled abode, live among the worst environments, sanitary and 

 otherwise. This is the class fully matured for seclusion from society, upon whose 

 resources they are a constant and heavy drain. 



1. Are the results commensurate with the cost ? 



2. Is there a better and more economic way .^ 



3. Can the idle be made industrious, the debauched sober, and the common- 

 wealth benefited ? 



