908 KEPOET— 1892. 



production by ceitain frogs and toads, their use in names of rivers, Sec, and their 

 reproduction, as well as of certain kwa and aap or paa sounds in human language. 



lie quotes Livingstone, Darwin, Theocritus, and others, to show that the notes 

 of frogs have called forth admiration from many cultured Europeans. 



At the same time he points out that it is the ' relation ' in art which produces 

 admiration. 



With primitive man utility was the first thought, how to protect and preserve 

 himself. Hence his pleasures and tastes 



The rain following the sun was foretold by the Batrachians, the Kwakwa, 

 which the Greeks and many otliers believed were sent down from the sky. Hence 

 Ti-kwa, the Kwa unknown deity up-above, the lla of the Ohuana, the Kue- 

 akengteng or Kaang of the Bushmen of the Blue Mountains, the Ra or sun-god 

 of Egypt, the 11a of India, the Ptah and Heka of Egypt, and the Quaqua priests 

 of the Mexican war-god and of Thaloc. 



The frog, he believes, was probably or possibly the origin of the Aius loquens or 

 loqua.r,X\\e unknown voice, as is Ka, the unknowable, in Sanskrit. 



He points out that the drums speak articulately throughout Africa, and that 

 the hand-clapping, finger-snappings, and cracking seem also to have or have had 

 meanings like the clicks and the consonants. 



In order to verify his conclusions the author went to language, not as a proof 

 of itself, but as a secondary reference. He diflers in his conclusions as to the 

 value of grammatical construction, since the common people do not conform to the 

 rules laid down by grammarians. In unwritten tongues he believes that by com- 

 paring words with observations of material facts, mental peculiarities, and 

 customs it is far easier to trace their origins than where a language has been long 

 committed to writing. He considers that grammars have been frequently tam- 

 pered with, as have words, in the interests of rulers and priests. The result of 

 his researches is that, differing as their languages now do, all the Africans are 

 closely connected, and at some distant period were connected also with the 

 Monkey and Naga races of India, as is evidenced by the gigantic statue at Sravana 

 Belj'ola in Mysore, by certain customs, and by words identical in form and meaning 

 in the language of Africa and India. 



He points out that Budas existed in Africa and India, and that probably they 

 did, and perhaps still, exist in Australia and South-Central America. 



He agrees with some statements made bj- Father Torrend in his ' Comparative 

 Grammar of the South African Bantu Languages,' and the statement by this 

 authority that the Tongus use snakes as dogs confirms the conclusion he had 

 previously arrived at — that Ja or Jah is the equivalent of Sa or Sah. 



The value of the prefixes in the so-called Bantu languages as determining race 

 origins he denies, and believes that their use has been misinterpreted. 



He believes that an observation of natural facts gives a clue to man's history 

 which is borne out by language, that the mental capacity of wild races inhabiting 

 tropical and semi-tropical climates has been much underrated, and that this is due 

 to a misunderstanding of the relations between man and nature there. 



He further believes that he has been able to explain by what causes, apart 

 from natural selection, but upon which it acted, woman first and afterwards man 

 became divested of his hairy coat. His theory, if correct, explains many other 

 subjects which hitherto have evaded research and puzzled inquirers. For instance, 

 the tradition about elf-locks, the use of stone-flakes, and why they are found scat- 

 tered about the surface of the world, their forms and meanings, besides several 

 imintelligible parables, riddles, and myths. 



Lastly, he agrees with those conclusions of Dr. W. Stukeley which he has 

 -examined, and believes that, could he have had access to the facts the author 

 possesses, he would have advanced our knowledge of antiquity and true religion 

 instead of having been doomed to ignominy as a crack-brained lunatic. 



The author acknowledges his indebtedness to the works of many travellers and 

 vocabularists in verifying his conclusions. Dr. Winterbottom's work on Sierra 

 Leone first led him to believe that he was on the right spoor, while ' Livingstone's 

 Travels ' supplied him in Africa with valuable facts and suggestions. 



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