PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 487 
begun simultaneously, or at least independently, in many places and under the 
inspiration of many men. It is, I think, part of a general process in which 
civilised man is replacing the old hard curiosity about nature by an attempt at 
sympathetic comprehension. We no longer think of ourselves as alien from the 
rest of nature, using our lordship over it for our own advantage; we recognise 
ourselves as part of nature, and by acknowledging our kinship we are on the 
surest road to an intelligent mastery. But I must mention one name, that of 
Carl Hagenbeck of Hamburg, to be held in high honour by all zoologists and 
naturalists, although he was not the pioneer, for the open-air treatment and 
rational display of wild animals in captivity were being begun in many parts 
of the world while the Thier-Park at Stellingen was still a suburban waste. He 
has brought a reckless enthusiasm, a vast practical knowledge and a sympathetic 
imagination to bear on the treatment of living animals, and it would be equally 
ungenerous and foolish to fail to recognise the widespread and beneficent influence 
of his example. 
However we improve the older menageries and however numerous and well- 
arranged the new menageries may be, they must always fall short of the con- 
ditions of nature, and here I find another reason for the making of zoological 
sanctuaries throughout the world. If these be devised for the preservation of 
animals, not merely for the recuperation of game, if they be kept sacred from 
gun or rifle, they will become the real Zoological Gardens of the future, in which 
our children and our children’s children will have the opportunity of studying 
wild animals under natural conditions. I myself have so great a belief in the 
capacity of wild animals for learning to have confidence in man, or rather, for 
losing the fear of him that they have been forced to acquire, that I think that 
man, innocent of the intent to kill, will be able to penetrate fearlessly into the 
sanctuaries, with camera and notebook and field-glass. In any event all that 
the guardians of the future will have to do will be to reverse the conditions of 
our existing menageries and to provide secure enclosures for the visitors instead 
of for the animals. 
I must end as I began this Address by pleading the urgency of the questions 
1 have been submitting to you as an excuse for diverting your attention to a 
branch of zoology which is alien from the ordinary avocations of most zoologists, 
but which none the less is entitled to their fullest support. Again let me say to 
you that I do not wish to appeal to sentiment; I am of the old school, and, 
believing that animals are subject and inferior to man, I set no limits to human 
usufruct of the animal kingdom. But we are zoologists here, and zoology is the 
science of the living thing. We must use all avenues to knowledge of life, 
studying the range of form in systematic museums, form itself in laboratories, 
and the living animal in sanctuaries and menageries. And we must keep all 
avenues to knowledge open for our successors, as we cannot guess what questions 
they may have to put to nature. 
The following Papers were then read :— 
o 
1. Biological Science and the Pearling Industry. 
By I. I.iystmr Jameson, M.A., D.Sc., Ph.D. 
The paper consisted of a review of the scientific work that has been done 
up to the present with a view to rendering the pearl and mother-of-pearl pro- 
ducing industries more profitable. 
The Japanese pearl-farming enterprise, inaugurated under the guidance of 
the late Professor Mitsukuri, the real pioneer of modern work in the application 
of biological knowledge to this industry, is concerned with conserving and 
cultivating the little Japanese pearl oyster, a close ally of the Ceylon species, 
and with causing it to produce pearly excrescences or ‘blisters,’ which are 
known in the trade as ‘Culture Pearls.’ These culture pearls are produced by a 
method analogous to that which has been known to the Chinese for ages, and 
to that invented by Linnewus. The Japanese culture-pearl industry is now 
an old-established one, giving employment to a great number of people; and— 
Japanese culture pearls are well-known objects in European jewellery. 
The Japanese industry is the only instance, known to the anthor, of the 
