502 TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION D. 
ness’ is apt to lead to fatal errors, but answers the main purpose. ‘The sounds 
that animals emit are apparently, except in man, limited to a few often guttural 
or modified guttural expressions. ‘The bark of a dog is susceptible of slight 
modifications of tone. It varies in loudness and in quality. The main cause of 
the sound is alarm, or a desire to alarm or attract the attention of another dog or 
the master. It is evidently the most useful sound a dog possesses. A dog was 
probably first domesticated because of its bark. The whine is a sound of appeal. 
Thus Franke’s dog whined in order to get a box lifted; there was a bone 
beneath the box. Entreating sounds, cries for help, also threatening and warn- 
ing cries are common amongst many animal tribes. C. Killogg seems to have 
learned a good deal about animal language. It is clear we ought to guard 
against assuming that our own interpretations are correct. Pain, fear, and 
anger may cause a dog to howl. Some animals do not express a sense of pain 
unless it be intense. Certain sounds make a dog howl. This may arise primarily 
from discomfort, but may afterwards arise from association, just as a dog has 
been known to sneeze at the sight of a snuffbox. Skilled musicians are often 
visibly affected by discordant sounds. A cat whimpers or mews mildly when 
she wants a door opened. Her mew has a different tone when she is angry or 
hungry. Little guinea-fowl and pheasants soon learn to run over to a ‘sod’ to 
wait in expectation of a visitor turning the earth up to expose the worms. The 
growl is a composite tone of defiance in a dog. Its value is most readily inter- 
preted by a dog. Franke gives an interesting example of a snorer setting some 
dogs growling. They did not find out their mistake for some time. The bark, 
the tone of alarm, is akin to the noise made by monkeys. It may, perhaps, 
develop into a battle cry, as a number of barking dogs would tend to intimidate 
adversaries, as happens in the case of men. As growling and barking are 
infectious, so the sight of pugnacious individuals always excited a collie of mine. 
He acted as peacemaker when he encountered cattle or fowls quarrelling, but 
joined in the fray where dogs were the combatants. The early training of dogs, 
horses and other animals goes far to obliterate any tendency to marked develop- 
ment of original lines of thought. It is to be doubted whether any great 
advance could be made in the development of a dog language, even though ‘dog’ 
means bark and ‘hound’ comes from howl. But that a series of combinations 
might be possibly made out of the sounds which adult dogs have at their 
disposal cannot be doubted. The study of young dogs would be more fruitful 
in view of the fact that the vocal apparatus might be modified. 
22. Notes on the Skull of a Grampus, &c. 
By Professor R. J. Anpprson, M.D., M.A. 
A grampus (griseus) was stranded some time ago near Galway. The skull 
cf this specimen is more complete than that of the previous one. The length is 
475 cm. Greatest breadth, 31:5 cm. The inter-nasal suture, 4 cm. to left side 
of the median line; right nasal bone is 4:6 cm. across, the left 4 cm. Antero- 
posteriorly right is 5°5 em. across, the left. 4°5 cm. Both measurements were 
slightly oblique. Premaxille, which reach to the tip of the rostrum, show 
the right longer (40 cm.) than left (36 cm.) and broader (65 cm.) than left 
(5 cm.). The right reaches higher than left, so that the left frontal is not so 
much covered. Two large foramina in each maxilla; one in each premaxilla. 
The former run inwards and backwards. The frontal is exposed for 3°5 cm. 
near the middle line on the upper surface, The palatines are 3 cm. broad at the 
inner part of the palate. They run back and make a V with the point reaching 
between the pterygoids and enclosing the pointed maxille in front and internal 
to them. The palatines are much wider at the outside where they turn round 
to sides. They are 8 cm. from front to back at the sides. Vomer is 5 cm. 
behind. No teeth in the upper jaw. 
Mandible, 38 cm. long; 11 cm. vertical behind. 
Sockets for five teeth on right side, four on left. 
Condyle is 4 cm. above the angle and 3 cm. below the level of coronoid. 
The condyles of the occipital bone are much further apart than in globio- 
cephalus. The least distance is 3 inch. The distance between the condyles in 
