TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION H. 603 
exposed. ‘Their form and appearance may be better understood by reference to 
the figure, which represents the complete palate. The right half is a tracing from 
the actual specimen, and this has been reversed and re-drawn to complete the 
rest of the outline. 
The most important points are (a) the transverse width at the level of the 
premolar teeth, and (6) the dimensions of the molar crowns. 
In regard to these points, the Kent’s Cavern specimen comes fairly into line 
with those examples of human jaws and teeth to which palzolithic antiquity is 
definitely assigned. On the whole, the resemblances to the fragmentary upper 
jaw of the Spy specimen (No. 1) are the closest. But the Kent’s Cavern teeth 
have distinctly larger crowns than the Spy teeth, which are not remarkable in 
this respect. 
In the Kent’s Cavern specimen the curious fusion of the molar roots which 
characterises the molar teeth from Jersey (S. Brélade’s Bay), and also from 
Krapina, is not present. Neither is it found in the teeth of the jaw from Spy. 
Its absence, therefore, does not exclude the Kent’s Cavern jaw from the ranks 
of such as can claim an origin in the paleolithic period, to the later division of 
which it is to be referred. 
In submitting this brief note I wish to draw attention to the fact that Kent’s 
Cavern is not yet exhausted, that a new passage or gallery was discovered there 
during the month of June 1912, and that valuable material is constantly coming 
to light. It is greatly to be desired that definite supervision of the cavern should 
be instituted. 
5. Discussion on Scottish Folklore. 
(i) The Study of Customs connected with the Calendar in Scotland. 
By W. Crooks, B.A. 
This paper suggested some considerations on the question of the influence of 
race on Scottish custom and belief. Attention was called to the importance of 
the study of Calendar Customs in Scotland, many of which seem to be survivals 
of the primitive method of reckoning time by seasons, not by solar or lunar 
changes. It was suggested that traces of this primitive mode of reckoning may 
be found in the dates of hiring-fairs for domestic and agricultural servants. An 
appeal was made for help by readers towards the completion of two schemes 
which have been undertaken by the Folklore Society—a new edition of Brand’s 
“Observations on Popular Antiquities,’ and the series of extracts from published 
sources, several volumes of which have already been published under the title 
of ‘ County Folklore.’ 
(ii) Folklore as an Element of History. By EK. 8. Harruanp. 
The formal history, whether of a country at large or of a county, tells us 
little or nothing of the life of the bulk of the people. It is concerned with 
political transactions, with the State religion, or with the succession of ruling 
families. These matters, important as they may be, affect the life of the 
people comparatively little. Folklore, on the other hand, investigates the 
sayings and doings of the people as distinguished from the ruling classes, with 
a view to ascertain their modes of thought and the practices handed down from 
remote and unknown ancestors. It thus provides an element often overlooked, 
but essential if we would understand the evolution of our civilisation. The 
north-eastern counties of Scotland were for ages the battle-ground of races 
whose descendants form the present population. A collection of its folklore 
should therefore present many interesting features having an important bearing 
on the history of the country. 
(ui) Fairy and other Folk-Beliefs in the Highlands and Lowlands. 
By Canon J. A. MacCuttocn, D.D, 
There is great ultimate similarity of folk-lore everywhere. Examples of this 
from Scotland are :—(a) Charms (Highland, Etruscan, Babylonian) ; (J) water- 
