TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION H. 617 
same thickness of wall—over 100 feet. It likewise has no gateway in the axis, 
the walls or bank, where it is opposite to the obelisk, being still 12 feet above 
the base of the obelisk. 
9. Archeological Remains of Primitive Ethiopian Races discovered in 
Southern Sudan. By Henry 8. WELLCOME. 
During an expedition to the Sudan in the winter of 1900 I found various 
neolithic objects. In 1910 I resumed my researches, and after extended explora- 
tion, discovered the site of an ancient settlement at Gebel Moya, Sennar Province. 
Excavations have been carried out in the face of innumerable difficulties in 
securing labour and in controlling the turbulent, lawless natives; however, by 
just and fearless measures I finally won their full confidence, and was thus 
enabled to influence them to modify their habits of life. About five hundred men 
were employed in the first and more than six hundred in the second season. 
The site is located in a basin of about 200,000 square metres, high up in the 
hills, within a natural fortress of great strength. 
In the course of the excavations many objects were discovered, including the 
following :— 
Extensive series of stone implements, including axes, adzes, chisels, planes, 
and hammers, in nearly every stage of evolution, from the most 
primitive natural forms to perfectly worked and highly finished 
examples; also many other tools of various materials used jin indus- 
tries, and flaked arrow-heads of various stones. 
Pottery in great variety, ranging from crude primitive types to highly 
finished and elaborately decorated examples of extraordinary quality 
and grace, mostly in fragments, but some entire. 
A considerable number of potters’ implements, and a variety of pigments. 
Rock pictographs. 
Numerous figurines of clay representing human and animal forms. 
An extensive variety of beads, amulets, and other ornaments, varying from 
those of a very primitive type up to highly finished stones of a more 
precious nature. 
Some unique objects, including lip, ear, and other ornaments in infinite 
variety, many of these found in situ, proved conclusively their 
purpose. 
Remains of workshops, containing various implements, beads, and other 
ornaments in all stages of manufacture (indicating an industrial 
settlement), and a very few objects of copper, bronze, and iron, 
mainly from near the surface. 
Scarabs and small plaques bearing Ethiopian and Egyptian cartouches 
ranging from about 700 sB.c., and numerous objects still under 
investigation. 
During the second season two cemeteries were excavated and a large number 
of graves opened, human remains of various other types being found in various 
postures, and many objects of interest obtained in situ. Also animal burials, 
including cows. 
No objects from this site have been identified as of a date later than the 
Ptolemaic period. Thus far everything of a datable nature has been found 
within 50 centimetres of the surface. Stone implements and other primitive 
remains were mainly found below 50 centimetres. 
Stringent precautions were taken to ensure that every object, however minute, 
showing the handiwork of man, should be collected unimpaired and conserved 
for study. 
T am reserving all conclusions until the excavations are sufficiently complete to 
permit of comprehensive study, and to warrant the assumption that they are 
fully representative of the site. 
