TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION H. 619 
left side of the body, owing in all probability to a partial paralysis of the muscles. 
All the left bones show this under-development. In the femora the irregular 
distribution of the body weight, owing to the hemiplegia, has reacted upon the 
bones so that the contrast between the nearly normal right femur and the twisted 
and attenuated left bone is very striking. The weight of the body being thrown 
chiefly on the right side has prevented the proper development of the left aceta- 
bulum which is shallow and irregularly shaped in correspondence with the head 
of the left femur. 
From the appearance of the sacrum it is certain that there was a marked 
lateral curvature of the spine. 
All the above facts point to the probability of there having been a left hemi- 
plegia due to abnormal pressure on the motor centres of the right half of 
the brain, and the case is interesting both from the pathological and the anatomi 
cai sides, illustrating in the one the effect of muscular paralysis on the develop- 
ment of bones, and in the other suggesting a possible explanation of such facts 
as the difference in size of articular surfaces in the sexes, the torsion and flatten- 
ing of bones, and the production of certain markings not hitherto recognised. 
WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 11. 
The following Papers were read :— 
1. Nubas Ancient and Modern. 
By Freperic Woop Jonus, D.Sc., M.B. 
The Archeological Survey of Nubia undertaken by the Government of Egypt 
commenced its field work in 1907, and from that date until last year a continuous 
excavation of burial-grounds situated in the Nile Valley in Nubia has been 
carried out. This expedition has yielded an enormous amount of material for 
the anthropological study of the inhabitants of Nubia from pre-dynastic times 
until the Christian period. Much new light has been shed upon the Nubian 
population of pre-dynastic, early dynastic, Middle and New Empire days, and 
we have a fairly connected story of the race movements during this long period. 
As breaks in this connected story we have some groups of burials which do not 
find a natural place in the sequence of types. One such group was designated 
the ‘X Group,’ since both the type of burial and grave-furniture and the 
physical type of the dead presented certain anomalous features. 
These ‘X group’ people are dated on very definite archzological grounds to 
200-500 a.p. : they did not adopt the characteristic Christian type of burial, but 
were interred in ‘side-chamber’ graves; and their pottery forms were for the 
most part foreign to the culture of the surrounding peoples. Their physical 
characteristics were not well defined when the first Annual Report of the Survey 
was published, since the intact remains of the people were altogether insufticient. 
Since that date (1907-08) much new evidence has accrued. Firstly, a good series 
of intact bodies has been found in the later field work of the expedition; and 
secondly, Captain R. G. Anderson, of the Egyptian Medical Corps, has discovered 
beyond the southern confines of Nubia graves of true ‘X group’ types contain- 
ing bodies showing mutilations and physical characters similar to those of the 
‘X group’ people. Further, recent skulls have been obtained both by Captain 
Anderson and by Dr. Seligmann which throw a great deal of new light upon the 
racial affinities of these intruders in early Christian times in Nubia. 
2. The Lesions caused by Judicial Hanging: An Anthropological 
Study. By Freprric Woop Jones, D.Sc., M.B. 
During the first season’s field-work of the Egyptian Government Survey of 
Nubia there was unearthed in the neighbourhood of Shellal a series of bodies, 
buried roughly in trenches, showing the effects of various forms of violent death. 
The physical type of these men—for all were adult males—indicated them to be 
