824 REPORTS ON THE STATE OF SCIENCE.—1912. V.c. ii. 
solubilities of sodium sulphate and trioxymethylene are mutually in- 
creased when these substances are dissolved together in water; in 
neither case, however, is the increase directly proportional to the 
concentration of the solvent. Dawson and Gawler}?! observed a 
similar phenomenon with iodine and potassium iodide when dissolved 
in nitrobenzene. In this case, the largely increased solubility of these 
two substances is attributed to the union of the solutes with the for- 
mation of polyiodides in solution. 
The solubility of anhydrous sodium acetate in alcohol of different 
strengths was studied by Schiavon.'® 
The requirements of the electrolytic dissociation theory are such 
that, in dilute solutions, the presence of electrolytes in the solvent 
water should be without effect upon the solubility of non-electrolytes. 
1903 When submitted to practical test by Biltz,'°? this was not found 
“~" to be true. Biltz found the solubility of phenylthiourea to be 
lowered materially by various inorganic salts, and, generally speaking, 
the salts of lower molecular weight were found to produce a greater 
lowering effect. The nitrates of rubidium, cesium, and ammonium 
cause an increase in the solubility. ‘A study of the influence of 
foreign substances on the solubility of phenylthiocarbamide in water ’ 
which was carried out by Bogdan 17® furnished additional evidence 
contradictory to the theory above referred to. The solubility of phenyl- 
thiocarbamide in water is diminished by the presence of electrolytes 
such as sodium and potassium nitrate. 
According to Bougault,'"? picric acid is more soluble in wet than 
in dry ether. The solution in the latter is colourless, but in wet ether 
it is yellow. | 
Euler '°* found the solubility of silver oxide and silver chloride in 
aqueous ethylamine and methylamine solutions to be approximately 
proportional to the concentration of the amine.* 
Goldschmidt 8° claimed to be the first to observe a lowering of the 
solubility of an electrolyte being occasioned by a non-electrolyte. His 
observations were made with ammonia and he found the absorption 
coefficient to be lowered by the presence of carbamide in the water. 
An important contribution to the study of solubility influence was 
made by McLauchlan.1®*> This author examined the influence of salts 
upon the solubility of hydrogen sulphide and bromine in water and 
made observations of the behaviour of a large number of salts from this 
point of view. The sulphates, chlorides, and nitrates of sodium, 
potassium, and ammonium were all found to raise the partial pressure 
of hydrogen sulphide. Bromine was found to be more soluble in salt 
solutions than in pure water, except in solutions of potassium nitrate, 
sodium nitrate, potassium sulphate and sodium sulphate; all these 
substances, as well as ammonium sulphate, were found to diminish 
the solubility of iodine. 
1904 It was found by Clowes and Briggs 1° that atmospheric 
’ oxygen is less soluble in sea-water than in pure water, the 
sodium chloride diminishing its solubility. 
* The results differ widely from those found by Wuth, vide ‘ Ber.,’ 35. 2415, 
