844 REPORTS ON THE STATE OF SCIENCE.—1912. Vi. 
manner in which this is affected by temperature, pressure, and concen- 
tration. With regard to temperature he distinguished the following 
cases: (i) Increased miscibility with falling temperature. (ii) Incréased 
miscibility with rising temperature and one liquid phase becoming iden- 
tical with the vapour. (iii) Increased miscibility with rising temperature 
and the two liquid phases becoming identical. 
The reciprocal solubility curve for oil of turpentine and methyl 
1907 sulphate was found by Dubroca*™ to be of the usual parabolic 
* form; the apex of the parabola being the critical point and the 
axis being practically parallel with the temperature axis.* 
From an examination of the conditions under which liquids are mis- 
cible, Bingham *°® was led to call attention to the fact that, although 
substances of small molecular volume are usually miscible with others 
of small molecular volume, they are immiscible with those of high mole- 
cular volume. Thus, for example, water is only partially miscible with 
intermediate alcohols and immiscible with higher alcohols. In a later 
paper this author *°° dealt with this matter from a theoretical point of 
view. + 
Smirnoff ?** studied the distribution of the hydrates of stannic chlor- 
ide between water and xylene at various temperatures and from certain 
irregularities of the distribution coefficient he arrived at conclusions re- 
garding the dissociation of the salt in water. 
The critical phenomena exhibited by solutions of some organic 
substances, such, for example, as phenanthrene, anthraquinone and tri- 
phenylmethane in iso-pentane formed the subject of investigation by 
1908 Centnerszwer and Kalnin.?°> Flaschner *?7 studied the mutual 
* solubility of homologous piperidines and besides ascertaining that 
piperidine and water are completely miscible at temperatures between 0° 
and 250°, obtained indirect evidence of a lower critical temperature. 
Methyl piperidine and water were found to have a lower critical tempera- 
ture of 48.3°, and for ethylpiperidine the critical temperature was 7.4°. 
In a subsequent paper Flaschner and. McEwen **! discussed the problem 
of mutual solubility from the point of view suggested by Rothmund— 
namely, that the complete mutual solubility curves of a pair of liquids 
form a closed solubility ring. The conclusion arrived at was that all 
such solubility rings which represent the behaviour of one liquid (water, 
for example) with members of an homologous series, have a common 
centre: the higher the member of the series the less the mutual solubility 
and consequently the wider the solubility ring. The influence of chemi- 
cal constitution upon mutual solubility was also discussed in that paper. 
The distribution of various solutes between water and various soils 
was studied by Cameron and Patten.**° The soil acts as an absorbent, 
and for any series of soils, the order of absorptive capacities for any one 
solute was found to be quite different from the order for another solute. 
1909 Timmermans **° showed that the degree of miscibility of two 
‘ liquids is a function of the external pressure.t Limbosch °°* 
investigated the changed miscibility of pyridine and water which is 
brought about by the addition of sodium carbonate. 
* Vide Rothmund, Part II. R. 44. t+ Vide Section VII. 
} Vide Part IT., Section V. B. 
