]]44 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXI. 



The pupa is of two types, one somewhat resembling a smooth Papilio 

 chrysalis with a frontal beak and ventrally bulged wings ; the other quite 

 diflFerent, having the dorsal middle segments produced horizontally out- 

 wards in triangular sharp teeth, the dorsal line of the thorax angled and 

 the head produced into a generally upwards-curved snout. They all 

 have the tail and body-band fixtiare of the Papilionidce ; the former suspend- 

 ing themselves as in that family, the latter angled ones often lying hori- 

 zontally on the top of a leaf and closely pressed against it, i.e., with a 

 very short body-band. All wriggle when touched, the motion being a side 

 to side one from the segments 9, 10, 11 ; the junctions of segments 8-9, 

 9-10, 10-11, being so formed as to permit of this which, by the way, is- 

 common to all lepidopterous pupse. Sometimes this wriggling is accom- 

 panied by a slight, dull knocking noise. 



The larvse all eat voraciously, grow fast and the piipal stage is never- 

 prolonged. They are often much parisitised by ichneumons and flies, 

 the most unfortunate in this respect being various species of Terias and 

 Colotis. 



The caterpillars offer so few points of difference in shape and colour that 

 a classification of the genera according to them would be rather difficult as 

 the little pattern that exists may be quite absent in species that normally 

 have it quite strongly developed ; the size and number of the tubercles is 

 also liable to variation. Another objection is, and it is perhaps the chief 

 one, there is not very much material to go on for there are many of 

 the larval and pupal stages not yet worked out. One large classifica- 

 tion on the pupse is possible, as for example : 



Smooth, normal pupse, suspending themselves like the Fapilionidoa ,- 

 Genera Leptosia, Catopsilia, Lvias, Hebomoia, Terias, Colotis, Pareronia. 



Angulated pupse, with tail-fixing and close body-band, formed often on 

 the upperside of a leaf or other horizontal position : Delias, Prioneris,. 

 Anaphfsis, Appias, Hupliina, Colias, Pieris. 



The first group might be further subdivided into two by the shape as- 

 follows : — 



Normal pupse with slight ventral wing-bulge and short snout ; Genera 

 Leptosia, Catopsilia, Hebomoia, Terias and Colotis with the exception of 

 Colotis eucJiaris. 



Abnormal papse with very accentuated ventral wing-bulge, the body- 

 laterally compressed and a long curved snout : Genera lvias, Pareronia and 

 Colotis eucharis. 



Here again, in the first sub-group Catopsilia and Hebomoia could easily be- 

 separated from Leptosia-Terias-Colotis and it is possible to separate 

 Catopsilia from Hebomoia by the shape of the larvse and their colouration. 

 as : 



Larva distinctly flanged on the spiracular line, glaucous green in colour,. 



