250 UNIVERSITY OP COLORADO STUDIES 



one functions the others are affected. Differentiation from other 

 organs means individuality and difference; integration is not neces- 

 sarily an interaction of similar parts, but rather an interaction of the 

 different parts. The phenomena of integration or sociality are there- 

 fore inadequately described as "a consciousness of kind, a knowledge 

 of resemblances, or a knowledge of like-mindedness" (Giddings). 

 Social life is mirrored in a football game. Each player has his 

 function; each player thinks and acts his separate part. The signal 

 given, the ball is snapped, each man leaps to his place, the fake pass 

 is made, the proper interference aids the man who makes the run 

 down the side lines, and the touch-down is made to the cheering of 

 enthusiastic partisans. Each man acts, I say, his part, and the 

 element they have in common is the goal. The common aim — the 

 success of the team and the winning of the game — does not necessa- 

 rily mean a common or similar method of action. Solidarity does not 

 of necessity mean similarity, nor does community life mean common 

 thoughts and actions. Nor in adult society, the training for which 

 is the rational ground for play, do we find the process materially 

 different. The material of social organization is not consciousness 

 of kind, nor is it mainly such. The action of the mob, to which 

 reference is so lovingly made by certain sociologists, is generally an 

 instance in which the welfare of the whole is lost sight of, in which 

 the single person becomes a unit in an aggregation, and in which 

 there is a general return to the homogeneity of primitive conditions. 

 The striking thing about a mob is not its social but its unsocial char- 

 acter. With the dispersion of the mob there begins again the process 

 of differentiation and integration — true sociality. Of certain pigeons 

 it is reported that they become extraordinarily stupid and incautious 

 as soon as they become a part of great numbers in flight, but that 

 they become wary, intelligent, and cautious when they are alone. 

 Identification of the individual with the collective mass reduces it to 

 the average level and causes temporary atrophy of certain more 

 highly specialized qualities. The same phenomena are often observ- 

 able in men and women who take refuge from their doubts and 



