THE BASIS OF SOCIALITY 251 



uncertainties in the infallible doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church. 

 Socialization is specialization, provided such specialization implies 

 articulation and integration. 



Consciousness of kind is characteristic of the lowest stages of 

 society, and indicates a low level in a more highly evolved society. 

 The struggle for existence implies a struggle of conflicting inter- 

 ests, different schools of thought and action. It is also a biolog- 

 ical truth that the struggle is greatest between the members of the 

 same species. It is also not necessary that each individual partner 

 should be conscious of the common goal, provided his conduct tends 

 that way. His motives may be wrong, but his conduct must be 

 right. Correct motives provide, however, some guarantee of per- 

 sistency of conduct. The indi\ idual lives for himself, but in so doing 

 must serve others. Selfishness necessarily generates altruism. The 

 chalk cliffs of the infusoria are the result of the individualistic action 

 of each of the infusoria, the infusorium being typical of egoism. ('^ 



Baldwin discriminates between the substance, content, stuff, or 

 material of society, and the functional method or process of organi- 

 zation of the social material. He describes the social substance or 

 content as follows: ''The matter of social organization consists of 

 thouo-hts; by which is meant all sorts of intellectual states, such as 

 imagination, knowledge and informations." This "matter," he 

 thinks, is found only in social groups, which alone, therefore, can be 

 called societies. Animal communities he would call "companies." 

 The functional method or process of organization of the social mate- 

 rial he finds in the process of imitation which is subjectively contained 

 in the "dialectic of personal growth." 



It is evident that the "substance, content, stuff, or material" of 

 society is not the consciousness of kind, as Giddings affirms; neither 

 can it be said that the functional method or process of organization 

 of the socitl material is mainly a process of imitation, as Baldwin 

 asserts. The process is rather that of division of labor, using that 

 term to indicate both the process of differentiation and integration. 

 The transmission of the social heritage, the introduction of the 



(1) Iheringr, Der Zweck im Recht, 3d ed. (Leipzig:, 1893), p. 467. 



