LAW OF FUTURE SPECIFIC AND SOCIAL EFFICIENCY 259 



" More than a hundred years ago," says Dr. C. A. Ilerrick, "the 

 world was startled with the declaration that in international trade 

 both sides might be gainers. We recognize this at present as true 

 for nations, but hardly so for individuals. Gain is popularly re- 

 garded somehow as illicit; if one party to a transaction has a profit, 

 then it is felt that the other must have a corresponding loss, A gene- 

 ration of business men must be trained that shall see in business 

 neither the giving nor the taking of advantages, but instead a social 

 service for which one may expect compensation. "('^ 



From a consideration of the multitude of facts adduced by Suth- 

 erland the conclusion may be drawn with some degree of certainty 

 that the nutnher propagated is in inverse ratio to the amount of 

 providence and vice versa. Education replaces large progeny in 

 about the same manner as the play of the young of to-day is a bio- 

 logical and social substitute for the rigidity and predominance of 

 instinct of earlier animal life. 



Individual provision and prevision is increased, corrected and 

 enlarged in scope by social or state provision. Taxation is being 

 remodeled on this basis. Municipal improvements bear the imprint 

 of the paternal. Large projects, such as transcontinental railroads, 

 subsidization of a merchant marine, protection of growing industries, 

 and a multitude of others which might be mentioned, all bear wit- 

 ness of the fact that the nations are now doing consciously what for- 

 merly they did in a more or less haphazard" fashion. Despite the 

 fact that in former times men knew not the final end for which they 

 labored, still the hall-mark of the paternal, of future specific and 

 social efficiency, was on their actions. 



Many sociologists manifest their alarm at the decreasing birth- 

 rate throughout the world but due regard after all must be paid to 

 the fact that conditions have changed. The individual is not so 

 helplessly isolated as formerly. He is provided by tradition with 

 the lessons of the past ; he is provided with a rich store of extra- 

 organic apparatus ; he is supported on all hands by social institutions. 



(1) Herrick, The Content and Educational Value of the Curriculum for a Secondary School 

 in Commerce. Proceedings of the N. E. A. 1900, pp. 543-549. 



