chap, x.] THE PALiEARCTIC REGION. 199 



species), Sula bassana, Larus (two species), Stercorarius catar- 

 ractes, Pujfflnus anglorum, Mergulus alle, Uria (three species), 

 Alca tor da. 



3. American species resident in Iceland. — Clangula islandica, 

 Histrionicus torquatus. 



4. Annual visitants from Europe. — Turdus iliacus, Ruticilla 

 tithys, Saxicola cenanthe, Motacilla alba, Anthus pratensis, Linota 

 linaria, Chelidon urbica, Hirundo rustica, Falco cesalon, Sumia 

 nyctea, Otus brachyotus, Charadrius pluvialis, JEgialites hiaticula, 

 Strepsilas interpres, Phalaropus fulicarius, Totanus calidris, 

 Limosa (species), Tringa (three species), Calidris arenaria, 

 Gallinago media, Nuinenius phaiopus, Ardea cinerea, Anser (two 

 species), Bernicla (two species), Anas (four species), Fuligula 

 marila, Harelda glacialis, So?nateria mollissima, CEdemia nigra, 

 Sterna macrura, Rissa tridactyla, Larus luecopterus, Stercorarius 

 (two species), Fratercula artica, Colymbus (two species), Podi- 

 ceps cornutus. 



5. Annual visitant from Greenland. — Falco candicans. 



6. — Former resident, now extinct. — Alca impennis (the 

 great auk). 



//. — Mediterranean Sub-region. 



This is by far the richest portion of the Paloearctic region, 

 for although of moderate extent much of it enjoys a climate in 

 which the rigours of winter are almost unknown. It includes 

 all the countries south of the Pyrenees, Alps, Balkans, and 

 Caucasus mountains ; all the southern shores of the Mediter- 

 ranean to the Atlas range, and even beyond it to include the 

 extra-tropical portion of the Sahara ; and in the Nile valley 

 as far as the second cataract. Further east it includes the 

 northern half of Arabia and the whole of Persia, as well as 

 Beluchistan, and perhaps Afghanistan up to the banks of the 

 Indus. This extensive district is almost wholly a region of 

 mountains and elevated plateaus. On the west, Spain is 

 mainly a table-land of more than 2000 feet elevation, deeply 

 penetrated by extensive valleys and rising into lofty moun- 

 tain chains. Italy, Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily, are all very 



