220 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [part hi. 



lapponica) ; the shore-lark (Gtocorys alpestris) ; the sand-martin 

 (Cotyle riparia), and the sea-eagle {Haliceetus albicilla). 



Those which are more characteristic of the northern forests, 

 and which do not pass beyond them, are — the linnet ; two cross- 

 bills (Loxia Leucoptera and L. Curvirostra) ; the pine grosbeak 

 (Pinicola enucleator) ; the waxwing ; the common magpie ; the 

 common swallow ; the peregrine falcon ; the rough-legged buzzard ; 

 and three species of owls. 



Fully one-half of the land-birds of Siberia are identical with 

 those of Europe, the remainder being mostly representative 

 species peculiar to Northern Asia, with a few stragglers and 

 immigrants from China and Japan or the Himalayas. A much 

 larger proportion of the wading and aquatic families are Euro- 

 pean or Arctic, these groups having alw r ays a wider range than 

 land birds. 



Reptiles and Amphibia. — Erom the nature of the country and 

 climate these are comparatively few, but in the more temperate 

 districts snakes and lizards seem to be not uncommon. Halys, 

 a genus of Crotaline snakes, and Phrynocephalus, lizards of the 

 family Agamidse, are characteristic of these parts. Simotes, a 

 snake of the family Oligodontidae, reaches an elevation of 16,000 

 feet in the Himalayas, and therefore enters this sub-region. 



Insects. — Mesapia and Hypermnestra, genera of Papilionidse, 

 are butterflies peculiar to this sub-region ; and Parnassius is as 

 characteristic as it is of our European mountains. Carabidse 

 are also abundant, as will be seen by referring to the Chapter 

 on the Distribution of Insects in the succeeding part of this 

 work. The insects, on the whole, have a strictly European 

 character, although a large proportion of the species are pecu- 

 liar, and several new genera appear. 



1 V. — Japan and North China, or the Manehurian Sub-region. 



This is an interesting and very productive district, correspond- 

 ing in the east to the Mediterranean sub-region in the west, or 

 rather perhaps to all western temperate Europe. Its limits are 

 not very well denned, but it probably includes all Japan ; 

 the Corea and Manchuria to the Amour river and to the lower 



