chap, xii.] THE ORIENTAL EEGION. 341 



Kalophrynus, Ansonia, and Pscudobufo, are peculiar : while the 

 Oriental Megalophrys, Ixalus, Rhacophorus, and Hylorana, are 

 abundant and characteristic. 



Fishes. — The fresh-water fishes of the Malay archipelago 

 have been so well collected and examined by the Dutch 

 naturalists, that they offer valuable indications of zoo-geo- 

 graphical affinity ; and they particularly well exhibit the 

 sharply defined limits of the region, a large number of Oriental 

 and even Ethiopian genera extending eastward as far as Java 

 and Borneo, but very rarely indeed sending a single species 

 further east, to Celebes or the Moluccas. Thirteen families of 

 fresh-water fishes are found in the Indo-Malay sub-region. Of 

 these the Scienidse and Symbranchidse have mostly a wide 

 range in the tropics. Ophiocephalidse are exclusively Oriental, 

 reaching Borneo and the Philippine islands. The Mastacem- 

 belidse are also Oriental, but one species is found as far as Ceram. 

 Of the NandidaB, 3 genera range over the whole region. The 

 Labyrinthici extend from Africa through the Oriental region to 

 Amboyna. The single species constituting the family Lucio- 

 cephalidse is confined to Borneo and the small islands of Biliton 

 and Banca. Of the extensive family Siluridas 17 genera are 

 Oriental and Malayan, and 11 are Malayan exclusively; and 

 not one of these appears to pass beyond the limits of the sub- 

 region. The Cyprinidce offer an equally striking example, 23 

 genera ranging eastward to Java and Borneo and not one 

 beyond; 14 of these being exclusively Malayan. It must be 

 remembered that this is not from any want of knowledge of the 

 countries farther east, as extensive collections have also been 

 made in Celebes, the Moluccas, and Timor ; so that the facts of 

 distribution of fresh-water fishes come, most unexpectedly, to 

 fortify that division of the archipelago into two primary 

 regions, which was founded on a consideration of mammalia 

 and birds only. 



Insects. — Few countries in the world can present a richer and 

 more varied series of insects tban the Indo-Malay islands, and 

 we can only here notice a few of their more striking peculiarities 

 and more salient features. 



