CHAP. VI.] MAMMALIA OF THE OLD WORLD. 12c 



of mastodons ranged over India, tlieir remains being found in all 

 the deposits from the Siwalik Hills to Burraah. A large Dino- 

 theriavi has also been found at Perim Island. 



Reptiles. — Many remains of birds were found, biit these have 

 not been determined. Eeptiles were numerous and interesting, 

 the most remarkable being the huge tortoise, Colossochcli/fi, whose 

 shell was twelve feet long and head and neck eight feet more. 

 Other small tortoises of the genera Tcstudo, Emys, Trionyx 

 and Emydida were found, the Emys being a living species. 

 There were three extinct and one living species of crocodile, 

 and one of them was larger than any now living. Tlie only 

 other reptile of importance was a large lizard of the genus 

 Varayius. 



General Ohscrvations on the Mioeene faunas of Europe and 

 Asia. — Comparing the three faunas of approximately the same 

 period, and allowing for the necessarily imperfect record of 

 each, M'e find a wonderful similarity of general type over the 

 enormous area between France on the west and the Irawaddy 

 liver in Burmah on the east. We may even extend our com- 

 parison to Northern China, where remains of Hyctaa, Tapir, 

 Bhinoecros, Chalicothcriinn, and Eicphas, have been recently 

 found, closely resembling those from the Miocene or Pliocene 

 deposits of Europe or India, and showing that the Pala^arctic 

 region had then the same great extent from west to east 

 that it has now. Of about forty genera comprised in the 

 Indian iMiocene fauna, no less than twenty-seven inhabited 

 Central and Western Europe during the same epoch. The Indian 

 Pliocene fossils are much what we should expect as the fore- 

 runners of tlie existing fauna, the giraffes and hippopotami 

 being the only additions from the present Ethiopian fauna. 

 The numerous forms of the restricted bovine type, show that 

 these probably originated in India ; while the monkeys appear 

 to be altogether of Oriental types. 



In Europe, however, we meet with a totally different assem- 

 blage of animals from those that form the existing fauna. We 

 find apes and monkeys, many large Felida3, numerous civets 



