CHAP. X.] THE PAL.E ARCTIC REGION. IPO 



species), Svia hasscma, Larus (two species), Stcrcorarma catar- 

 ractes, Pv/ffinu^ anglorum, Mergulus alle, Uria (tliree species), 

 Alca tor da. 



3. American species resident in Iceland. — CJangvJa islandica, 

 Histrionicus torquatus. 



4. Annual visitants from Europe. — Tardus iliacus, RuticiUa 

 tithys, Saxicola cenanthe, Motacilla alha, Anthus loratensis, Linota 

 linaria, Chelidon vrhica, Hirundo rusfica, Faico cesalon, Siirnia 

 nyctea, Otus hrachyotus, Charadrius pluvialis, jEgialites hiaticula, 

 Strepsilas intcrprcs, Phalaropnis fulicarius, Totanus calidris, 

 Limosa (species), Tringa (three species), Calidris arenaria, 

 Gallinago media, JShtmenius phceopus, Ardea cinerea, Anser (two 

 species), Bernida (two species). Anas (four species), Fuligula 

 warila, Harelda glacialis, Somateria mollissim.a, (Edemia nigra, 

 Sterna macrnra, Rissa tridadyla, Larus luecopterus, Stercorarius 

 (two species), Fratercula artica, Colymhus (two species), Podi- 

 ceps cornidus. 



5. Annual visitant from Greenland. — Falco candicans. 



6. — Former resident, now extinct. — Alca impcnnis (the 

 great auk). 



II.— Mediterranean Sid-region. 



This is by far the richest portion of the Palaearctic region, 

 for although of moderate extent much of it enjoys a climate in 

 whicli the rigours of winter are almost unknown. It includes 

 all the countries south of the Pyrenees, Alps, Balkans, and 

 Caucasus mountains ; all the southern shores of the Mediter- 

 ranean to the Atlas range, and even beyond it to include the 

 extra-tropical portion of the Sahara ; and in the Nile valley 

 as far as the second cataract. Further east it includes the 

 northern half of Arabia and the whole of Persia, as well as 

 Beluchistan, and perhaps Affghanistan up to the banks of the 

 Indus. This extensive district is almost wholly a region of 

 mountains and elevated plateaus. On the west, Spain is 

 mainly a table-land of more than 2000 feet elevation, deeply 

 penetrated by extensive valleys and rising into lofty moun- 

 tain chains. Italy, Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily, are all very 



