220 ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY. [i-akt hi. 



lapponica) ; the sliore-lurk (Otocorys alpcstris) ; the saud-marLin 

 [Cotyh riparia), and the sea-eagle {Halicvetus alhiciUa). 



Those which are more characteristic of the northern forests, 

 and which do not pass beyond them, are — the linnet ; two cross- 

 bills [Loxia Lcucoptera and L. Curvirostra) ; the pine grosbeak 

 (Finicola enudeator) ; the waxwing ; the common magpie ; the 

 common swallow ; the peregrine falcon ; the rough-legged buzzard ; 

 and three species of owls. 



Fully one-half of the land-birds of Siberia are identical with 

 those of Europe, the remainder being mostly representative 

 species peculiar to Xorthern Asia, with a few stragglers and 

 immigrants from China and Japan or the Himalayas. A much 

 larger proportion of the wading and a(|uatic families are Euro- 

 pean or Arctic, these groups having always a wider range than 

 land birds. 



Reptiles and Amp)liihia. — Erom the nature of the country and 

 climate these are comparatively few, but in the more temperate 

 districts snakes and lizards seem to be not uncommon. Halys, 

 a genus of Crotaline snakes, and nirynoccplialus, lizards of the 

 family Agamidie, are characteristic of these parts. Simotes, a 

 snaive of the family Oligodontidte, reaches an elevation of 16,000 

 feet in the Himalayas, and therefore enters this sub-region. 



Insects. — Mesapia and Hypcrmnestra, genera of Papilionidic, 

 are butterflies peculiar to this sub-region ; and Farnassms is as 

 characteristic as it is of our European mountains. Carabidc© 

 are also abundant, as will be seen by referring to the Chapter 

 on the Distribution of Insects in tlie succeeding part of this 

 Avork. The insects, on the whole, have a strictly European 

 character, although a large proportion of the species are pecu- 

 liar, and several new genera appear. 



IV. — Japan and North Clnna, or Ihc ManclLurian Sich-rcyion. 



This is an interesting and very ])roductive district, correspond- 

 ing in the east to the Mediterranean sub-region in the west, or 

 rather perhaps to all western temperate Europe. Its limits are 

 not very well defined, but it probably includes all Jajian ; 

 the Corea and Mandiuria to the x\m()ur river and to the lower 



