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GRAMINED (Stapf). 311 
Herbs, rarely heal ssiapa or in Bambusee se tall wap has ha oe annual 
er near! 
naally ie shortened bal and lengthen upper internodes, terminating with 
an inflorescence (culm s) or, in the pere one species, gameta of cu ulm ms and Sie 
pe sally biennial shoots ‘Gnnovation shoots) which grow i i 
sea n shoots either piercing the sabtending psi at the | tines 
aod pees aie caine it, oon as runners or stolons (extravaginal), or inside 
the sheaths, which may or may not be thrown aside Re Rea: culms jointed, 
Internodes usually hollow, used at the nodes, with or without an annular 
swelling above the nodes and within the sheaths Couto nodes); all the branches 
and their angen gg Sager pemee with a 2- = eled dorsal, usually hyaline, 
leaflet at the base. Leaves alternate, usually 2-ranked, rarely pseudo-opposite 
Owing to the Bein, of page and v very short aed , very often crowded in 
tufts or fan-shaped bunches at the base of the culms, or in some cases also of their 
Upper honky ; in the perfect form (foliage leaves or “leaves” simply) consist- 
more or less connate (closed sheaths), clasping each sane or the culm, finally often 
loosened or sometimes slipping from the culm and mo r less spreading, ha the 
ghout, or with an 
sa a 
(sheath nodes), which becomes at a ha rdened and persistent, or hettee 
shri i igules 
nd the blad 
membrane or of a fringe of hairs, asely altogether absent ; blades us salle 
ely ovate, cordate or 
a a 
act as bud-scales, le imes also in the upper leaves. In florescence terminal, 
rarely terminal and la — at bui ng p of the Foes Pars Ses spikelets, panicled, 
racemose, capitate, simply o Saou picate, very rarely consisting of a 
Single epikelet, cane: always ducal Spikelets all ‘alike or heteromorphous, 
differing in sex and (in correlation with the se more or less also in the on 
rica bisexual with al ba iid $s or wit a and g,or 2 and g flowe 
the same spikelet, nisexual (moncecio r dicecious Mature eikelets 
pr entire: fro ne tips "of. ihe panicle or aia with apa art of the pedicel or 
the rhachis, grat reaking upa ti ove the glumes into as many teed fruits as there 
wh fruiting florets, rarely persistent and shedding the g In the firs 
the glumes, in the second the Valves are often decurrent into a callous swelling or 
extension (callus) at the insertion on the pedicel or ehacbilta vespectively. 
About 325 genera, comprising 3000 to 8500 species in all parts of the 
The typical structure of the ae is sometimes more or less obscured by the 
reduction or suppression, or by pe r modifications of etc te gen nerally 
ati i he assu 
e soe: of unctio 
other than usual. The morphological character of those sa sete however, 
sually be recog their position in elet and from compariso 
With allied, less modified ee i duction or suppression is frequent in the 
8 sO in the valve th 
> . 
a flower ; but. they ety often enclose a rudiment of a floral peor in 
the shape of a perfect or reduc = pale, thereby indicating their homology with 
typical valves. In this case, py. Mes some of the cha smshantlien es the 
The 
all the genera, and often ag ree ar the greater part of a tribe; but in order to 
See it clearly, it is always advisable to flatten the valve and to examine it by 
