THE BUTTERFLIES OF TEE NORTH CANARA DISTRICT. 573 



streams {Cratceva religiosa, Forst). Horsfield's figure of the larva and 

 pupa, have been copied into many books and are well known, 

 152. Nepheronia pingasa^ Moore. 



This is very common all through the monsoon, but disappears in 

 October, and its place is taken till the following May by the next 

 two species. We have almost come to the conclusion that they are 

 all one species. If this is the case, it is curious that the N. pingasa 

 form is. unknown further north. It must be a special monsoon form, 

 developed by the heavy rainfall, or the abundant vegetation, of this 

 district. Danais limniace^ Cramer (on which see our remarks ante, 

 p. 24O5 n. 3), appears to furnish a similar example. We have described 

 the larva and pupa of this species in our former paper ^Journal 

 Bombay Natural History Society, Vol. V, p. 357, n. 55, 1890), bat 

 %ure them now (Plate VI, figs. 4, larva ; 4a, pupa). 



The pupa of this together with those of Teracolus etrida, Fabriciua, 

 and Ixias are exaggerated examples of the form found in Teracolus 

 amatusj Fabricius, and the preceding four genera, in which the thorax 

 is compressed and the wing-cases produced into a keel. Capparis 

 heyneana is the usual food-plant. 



153. N. Mppia, Fabricius ; iV. fraterna^ Moore. 



Both these are plentiful during the dry-season, the former beino- 

 commoner in the south. We are much inclined to believe they aro 

 only varieties of one species. The spots in the dark border of the 

 forewing, by which the former is distinguished, vary so much in si^e 

 in different specimens that it is difficult to attach much importance 

 to their absence. We have found larvse of one or other on the same 

 plant as those of N. pingasa, Moore, and have been able to distinguish 

 them ; the taikpoints of the larva of this are much more widely and 

 squarely separated than in that of N. pingasa. Females are occasionally 

 caught with a dash of yellow on the inner margin of the hindwing. 

 154. Appias libythea, Fabricius. 



This is a very common butterfly in the forests on the slope and 

 crest of the ghats throughout the dry-season. Wherever a patch 

 of moist sand presents itself in the bed of a mountain stream, they form 

 a quivering white cloud, tinged with yellow by the next species and 

 speckled with green by Papilio sarpedon, Linnseus. We have not seen 

 the butterfly much about Karwar and conclude that it is little on the 



