62 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I46 



his copulatory movements, and he was certainly somewhat hostile to 

 the female at first. (His awkwardness persisted for at least 5 nights. 

 But shortly afterwards he was observed to perform sexual reactions 

 quite smoothly.) 



The last extract illustrates the behavior of pairs when the female 

 is dominant over the male. 



January 24, 1962. P female and Z male. These animals may have had some 

 previous sexual experience ; but they are not acquainted with one another. They 

 have been kept isolated in separate cages for several days. 



6:45 p.m. The male is let loose in the female's cage. The female rushes 

 to him. They sniff one another, nose to nose. The female utters one Low Trill 

 during sniffing. Then they separate. The male runs around the cage, possibly 

 frightened. The female moves around more slowly. Neither animal is following 

 the other. One or both always assume (s) an Arch Posture when they come 

 close to one another. 



6:50. The two animals settle down to a routine, which does not change 

 very much for almost three hours. 



The male retires to a corner of the cage, and sits quietly in a crouching freeze 

 posture whenever he is left alone by the female. Sometimes his freeze includes 

 a trace of a head-down component. After an hour or so, when the female 

 starts to become less active (see below), he occasionally closes his eyes, briefly, 

 while continuing to sit in the same posture most of the time. 



The female approaches the male repeatedly. When she approaches him slowly, 

 or at a normal running pace, she usually sniffs him. She usually begins by sniffing 

 at his face, and then sniffs his side and/or his perineal region. When she sniffs 

 at his side, she often appears to be trying to smell under his arm or in his 

 armpit. Sometimes she seizes his hands, arms, or head, in order to pull him 

 into the right position to facilitate sniffing the area she is interested in at the 

 time. Sometimes she grooms the male immediately after sniffing. This occurs 

 first during her third approach. It becomes increasingly frequent as the evening 

 wears on. 



Sometimes the male moves away after the female begins to sniff at him. 

 Sometimes he just sits still. Most frequently, he sniffs in return. In most cases, 

 he sniffs more briefly than she does. He often appears to be unwilling to sniff, 

 but unable to resist the stimulus provided by the female. He usually sniffs her 

 perineal region after sniffing her face (the animals are then nose to tail). 



Most of this sniffing and Allogrooming is accompanied by Squeaks by the 

 female. One or both animals also utter (s) a few Low Trills and many Moans. 

 The Moans are uttered most frequently around 8:50-9:00 p.m., presumably when 

 the animals are becoming accustomed to one another. 



Sometimes the Allogrooming develops into a dispute. When the female 

 grooms too energetically. The male strikes at her with his hands. Silently. 

 When the male does this, the female always responds by "bombarding" him. 

 She runs away from him, uttering many Gulps and a few Sneeze-grunts, turns, 

 faces him, pauses a second, peforms a few Rubbing movements, and then leaps 

 at him. Usually she leaps just above him, landing on the side of the cage an 

 inch or less above his head. Her tail usually slaps into his face as she lands. 

 Occasionally she crashes into him full force with her whole body. 



