20 BULLETIN OF THE 



1. GEOGRAPHY AND TOPOGRAPHY. 



The area of territory studied in connection with the Richmond Boulder 

 Trains is in the form of a belt extending about N. W. and S. E., and 

 having as a centre the centre of the town of Richmond, Berkshire Co., 

 Mass. ; it lias a length of nearly nine miles, with a breadth of three and 

 a half, making an area of about thirty squai*e miles. (See Map of Boulder 

 Trains, and Note A, page 39.) A considerable part of the area to the 

 west of the centre lies in the State of New York. Three parallel ranges 

 of hills, all having a N. N. E. and S. S. W. trend, are included within 

 the region studied. 



CANAAN AND LEBANON RANGE. 



The most westerly, or Canaan and Lebanon Range, is a simple ridge 

 lying in the towns of Canaan and Lebanon, Columbia Co., New York. 

 Towards the west its flanks slope quite gently to the adjoining valley, 

 while at the foot of its steep northern terminus lies the village of New 

 Lebanon in a broad valley, which is drained towards the Hudson River 

 by the Wyomanock Creek. Fry's Hill, its highest point, is situated 

 about midway of the length of the range, and is a prominent mass of 

 rock rising about 200 feet above the general level of the crest of the 

 ridge, and 620 feet above the Richmond station on the Boston and 

 Albany Railroad.* For half a mile south of Fry's Hill the ridge is quite 

 sharp, being very steep on the eastern side, and presenting, along its 

 crest, an alternation of knolls and slight depressions. To the north of 

 Fry's Hill the ridge, though still very precipitous on the eastern side, 

 becomes somewhat broader, and ends, 1} miles N. N. E. of Fry's Hill, 

 in a rocky prominence 525 feet high, called Douglas Knob. 



East of the Canaan and Lebanon Range lies the Shaker Valley, the 

 greater part of which is drained towards the north by a branch of Wyo- 

 manock Creek ; Whiting's Pond, however, lying at the south end of the 

 valley, receives a small portion of the drainage, and has an outlet towards 

 the southwest. The divide between the two systems of drainage is on 

 a level with the Richmond station, and is but eight to ten feet higher 

 tlian Whiting's Pond, while the north end of the valley, near New 

 Lebanon, is 300 feet below the Richmond station. 



• The level of the Richmond station on the B. k A. R. R., which is l,Or)0 feet iibove 

 the sea, is taken as the phme of reference, the contours of that level being marked on 

 both the accompanying maps. 



