60 BULLETIN OF THE 



capable of motion, and in the Estheridte they are, if at all, only slightly 

 movable. In the Cladocera, where the second type probably reaches its 

 greatest differentiation, the retina is remarkable for the freedom of its 

 motion. 



In the third type the retina originates from thickened hypodermis, 

 which subsequently separates into two layers, the corneal hypodermis 

 and the retina proper (a layer of cones and retinuloe). This separation 

 is accomplished either by the formation of a corneo-conal membrane, as 

 in Amphipods, or by what I believe to be an actual withdrawal of the 

 retina proper from contact with the hypodermis, as in Copepods. Only 

 in the representatives of the extreme modification of this type, the Cope- 

 pods, are the eyes movable. 



The course of development taken by each of the three types very 

 clearly indicates their mutual relations. Evidently the first type is a 

 primitive one, and since the first steps in the development of the second 

 and third reproduce the permanent condition of the fii-st, these two may 

 therefore be considered derivatives from the first. It is interesting to 

 observe that in the simpler condition of each type the retina is fixed, 

 whereas in the more differentiated form it has become movable. The 

 sinking of the retina into the deeper parts of the body, as represented in 

 the second and third types, may have been induced by the protection 

 thus obtained for the eye. After the three types were differentiated, 

 each one seems to have been modified in a special way to give rise to a 

 movable retina. 



Arrangement of the Ommatidia. 



The ommatidia in the retinas of some Crustaceans are so few in num- 

 ber that they can scarcely be said to be grouped according to any system. 

 "Where they are numerous, however, they are arranged upon one or the 

 other of two plans. These may be designated the hexagonal and tetrago- 

 nal plans of arrangement. In the hexagonal plan the imaginary outline 

 of the transverse section of an ommatidium is a hexagon, and each 

 ommatidium, excepting those on the edge of the retina, is surrounded by 

 six others. In the tetragonal arrangement the ideal transverse section 

 of an ommatidium is a square. Each of the four sides of this square 

 is occupied by one of the four faces of an adjoining ommatidium. 



The arrangement of the ommatidia can usuall}' be determined by 

 a careful inspection of the external surface of the eye ; this determina- 

 tion is considerabl}'^ facilitated by the presence of a facetted cuticula. 

 Sometimes the form of a single facet is sufficient to indicate the plan of 



