PHYSIOGRAPHY. 81 



the greater part of the Crystal Falls district has led Smyth to the conclusion 

 that this portion of Michigan had before Glacial times been reduced to the 

 condition of an approximate peneplain. (See Part II, Chapter I.) This 

 peneplain is a continuation of the peneplain of northern "Wisconsin, and 

 lies between the northern Michigan base-level on the north and the central 

 Wisconsin baselevel on the south, to both of which attention has recently 

 been called by Van Hise.^ 



DRAINAGE. 



The greater heights in the Michigamme district are in the northern 

 part, where some few of the hills rise to a height of 1,800 feet, and 

 one to a maximum of 1,900 feet above sea-level; but the majority do 

 not rise above 1,600 feet. The belt including these higher elevations 

 extends about NE-SW. This belt represents the crest of the watershed, 

 from which all streams on the northern side flow to Lake Superior, and on 

 the southeastern side all flow to Green Bay of Lake Michigan. A part of 

 this watershed is undivided, and it is not uncommon to find extensive swamps 

 in which streams flowing to opposite sides of the watershed take their 

 origin. The portion of the Crystal Falls district which is tributary to Lake 

 Superior is so small that it will be totally neglected in the further discussion 

 of the drainage. The topographical map, PI. II shows the general slope 

 and drainage of the district to be SSE. The eastern part of the district is 

 drained by the Michigamme' River with its tributaries, the Fence (Mitchi- 

 gan), and the Deer, while the Paint (Mequacumecum) River, with its main 

 tributaries, the Hemlock and the Net, drains the west and northwestern por- 

 tions. The Brule (Wesacota) flows along the southern part of the district, 

 being for the most part just below the southern limits of the present map. 

 It forms throughout its course the boundary line between Michigan and 

 Wisconsin. The Paint flows hito the Brule in sec. 12, T. 41 N., R. 32 W., 

 and the Brule and the Michigamme unite in sec. Ifi, T. 41 N., R. 31 W., to 



' A central Wisconsin base-level, by C. R. Van Hise : Science, new ser., Vol. IV, 1896, pp. 57-59, 219. 

 A northern Michigan base-level: ibid., pp. 217-220. 



-The Indian names which the streams and lakes of this district formerly bore have either been 

 dropped or else* in a few cases, have been replaced by translations, thongh most commonly they have 

 been replaced by English names, which are altogether new. Those names which have been retained 

 receive various spellings at the hands of different authors, and even at the hands of the same writer. 

 The Michigamme River, for example, is frequently spelled by Burt in the same article Peshakumme and 

 Pesh-a-kem-e. The name Michigamme is also spelled on various maps Machigamig and Michigamig. 

 Whereas the Paint we find spelled ilequacmnecum, as above most commonly, though Burt spells it 

 Mesqiiacnmecum and also Mesqiia-cnm-a-vnm. 



