122 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society Vol. XIV 
the new nest in the spring “by the construction of a peduncled 
gray, paper-like cell, at the bottom of which an egg is deposited.” 
It is quite true that each queen Polistes usually starts a nest, 
but sometimes two queens work together. In their interesting 
Wasp Studies Afield (1918), the Raus record that they found in 
April one new nest of Polistes annularis with two queens, and 
two nests with four queens. In his Revision of the Vespide of 
the Belgian Congo (1918), Dr. Joseph Bequaert states in his 
ethology of Polistes that in tropical counties a new nest may 
be started by a single queen, but that it has been repeatedly 
observed that several females may associate in building a new 
nest for Polistes gallicus (Linné), and. for Polistes versicolor 
(Fabricius). 
The following observations on Polistes pallipes may be of in- 
terest in this connection: 
On Staten Island, N. Y., May 21, 1885, a stone was turned 
over under which I found a Polistes nest of twelve cells. This 
number makes only a very small nest or group of cells about 
three-fourths of an inch in diameter. About this small nest I 
found two wasps, which I thought at the time had constructed 
it together, as it was too early in the season for one to be the 
parent of the other. Each completed cell contained an egg. 
- On May 12, 1906, on Todt Hill, Staten Island, in some old tin 
cans I found newly started colonies of Polistes pallipes. Two, 
three and four wasps were often attending a single nest of four 
or five cells, and it was evident that the queens had worked to- 
gether in founding a colony. At the same place on May 18, 
1907, I made the following observations on six nests: Three 
queens with nest of fourteen cells containing eggs, one in each 
cell; two with nest of ten cells and eggs; one with nest of three 
cells and eggs; one with nest of four cells and eggs; one with 
nest of four cells and eggs; one’ with nest of seven cells, six of 
which contained eggs. It will be noted that where there was 
more than one wasp, that the nests were larger. 
At Budd’s Lake, N. J., May 23, 1910, I found an old coffee 
pot in which two Polistes had combined in nest building and 
they had more cells to their structure than some nests built by 
single females under nearby stones, etc. On May 28, 1916, at 
