THE VALPARAISO MORAINIC SYSTEM. 373 



of blue-gray color 65 to 100 feet. Beneath this till there is usually a 

 ferruginous crust a few inches in thickness which caps the water vein. 

 The water rises in each well 8 to 10 feet above the surface and flows 

 several gallons per minute. It is slightly chalybeate. 



Near the corner of sees. 1 and 2, 11, and 12, Pipestone Township, are 

 two flowing wells, one 56 feet and the other 68 feet in depth. There 

 are two wells on the south side of the SW. ^ of sec. 11 which are 75 to 80 

 feet in depth and flow 10 to 15 gallons each per minute. A well in the 

 southwestern corner of sec. 22 only 24 feet in depth flows about 5 gallons 

 per minute, the water rising but 2 J feet above the surface. A well in the 

 NW..| of sec. 27, about 25 feet deep, flows 3 gallons per minute, the water 

 rising 2 to 3 feet. A well in the SE. ^ of sec. 2, 36 feet in depth, flows 15 

 gallons per minute at an elevation of 3 feet above the surface. It penetrates 

 a yellowish-brown till nearly to the water vein. In the SW. ^ of sec. 2 a 

 well 150 feet in depth flows but 3 gallons in five minutes. This is 

 decreasing in flow. It is the pioneer well and began flowing about 1877. 



The surface of this flowing well district is gently undulatory, with 

 frequent oscillations of 10 to 15 feet in 20 to 30 rods. The wells as a rule 

 are on low land not more than 10 or 15 feet above the level of Pipestone 

 Creek. 



Northwest of this flowing well district and uniting with the elevated 

 tract which forms its eastern boundary is a tract of high land which is 

 characterized by a large amount of sand. Many wells are 60 to 80 feet or 

 more in sand, but in the midst of the sandy belt are spots where a consid- 

 erable depth of till is found. For example, a well in the northwest corner 

 of sec. 13, Bainbridge Township (T. 4 S., R. 17 W.), penetrates: 



Section of well in sec. 13 Bainbridge Township, Berrien County, Michigan. 



Feet. 



Brownish-yellow till 10-12 



Blue-gray till 15 



Water-bearing sand at bottom. 8-10 



Depth 37 



A well on the south side of sec. 12 of the same township penetrates: 

 Section of well in sec. 12 Bainbridge Township, Berrien County, Michigan. 



Feet. 



Brownish-yellow till ' 8-10 



Blue-gray till, with thin beds of quicksand 110 



Gravel 5 



Depth 125 



