540 THE ILLINOIS GLA.CIAL LOBE. 



with the Kankakee. It is only the portion below South Bend which falls 

 within the limits of the present discussion. 



Between South Bend and Niles the St. Joseph River has its course 

 through a gravel plain that lies outside the Valparaiso morainic system. 

 This gravel plain is connected on the south with the Kankakee gravel-and- 

 sand area. The gravel plain also continues northeastward from Niles up 

 the Dowagiac Valley nearly to the source of that stream. Just below Niles 

 the St. Joseph River turns westward around the north end of a sharp 

 moraine which apparently pertains to the Saginaw lobe (see PI. XV), but 

 at the village of Buchanan it leaves that moraine and enters the Valparaiso 

 morainic system. It emerges from the Valparaiso system about 15 miles 

 below Buchanan. Its course is then northwestward into Lake Michigan, 

 with only slight deflections in passing the two till ridges which lie between 

 the Valparaiso system and the lake. 



Hickory Creek, a southern tributary entering the St. Joseph about 6 

 miles above its mouth, takes a direct course from the Valparaiso morainic 

 svstem northwestward through the outer till ridge, but is prevented from 

 passing directly into the lake by Covert Ridge; the creek accordingly 

 follows the ridge in a course east of north and discharges into the St. 

 Joseph River. 



Two eastern tributaries of the St. Joseph are worthy of note. Pipe- 

 stone Creek, a small tributary entering about 12 miles above the mouth of 

 the river, drains a small lowland tract between two members of the Valpa- 

 raiso morainic system, in eastern Berrien County. Dowagiac River, which 

 enters the St. Joseph at Niles, as already noted, drains a gravel plain 

 lying outside thy Valparaiso system. An eastern branch of the same river 

 drains a lowland tract between two Saginaw moraines in northwestern Cass 

 County, but breaks through the western moraine to enter Dowagiac River 

 near Dowagiac. 



PAWPAW RIVER. 



Pawpaw River has its headwaters in swampy plains lying east of 

 the limits of the Valparaiso morainic system (see PL XV). The several 

 headwater streams unite before reaching the Valparaiso system. The 

 stream then passes westward in a somewhat winding course among its ridges 

 and hills, emerging from it near Hartford, but following its inner border 

 nearly to its junction with St. Joseph River. No important tributaries are 



