1889.] 183 



distinctive characters, if present, but am compelled to the belief that 

 the differences are merely of degree of colour, and not specific. 



The only distinctions which Mr. Warren specifies are for posticana, 

 " the smaller size " and " the colour of the hind-wings ;" but, as I have 

 shown, southern turionella vary down to the same size, and there is no 

 constancy in the colour of their hind-wings. If the Scotch specimens 

 are examined under a pocket lens of low power, they seem to me to 

 resolve themselves into unmistakeable turionella. 



After seeing the extraordinary variations in colour in Hepialus 

 humuli, Emmelesia albulata, Triphoena orbona, and many other species 

 brought from the north of Scotland by Mr. Salvage and others, it 

 seems to me hardly reasonable to propose to establish a new British 

 Tortrix on such slight grounds. Indeed, the distinctions between 

 ordinary Eupcecilia angustana and its Shetland variety, thuliana, are 

 far greater. 



The question whether or not this Scotch form of turionella is 

 really the insect described by Zetterstedt, under the name of posticana, 

 is of a more critical character, but it would be reasonable enough to 

 expect that this Scotch form would also be found in Lapland. I have 

 not access to the original description by Zetterstedt, but Heinemann, 

 who received some of his specimens from "Wocke, doubtless refers to 

 the same insect. He describes posticana : " Fore-wings grey-brown, 

 waved with lead-grey, bordered or edged with rust-yellow, with two 

 lead lines. Hind-wings brownish-grey, head and thorax rust-yellow." 

 Turionana he describes : " Tore-wings brown-grey, or brown-yellow, 

 waved with leaden-grey, bordered (or edged) with rust-yellow, with 

 two leaden-grey cross-lines. Hind-wings in the male whitish, with 

 greyer apex, in the female greyer, with the apex tinged with rust- 

 yellow." 



The difference between grey-brown and brown-grey does not seem 

 to be very material, and he evidently recognises this, since he goes on 

 (under turionana) to give a general description applicable to both 

 species. Then he proceeds to say that turionana is larger than the 

 other, but that a specimen of posticana from Kreuth, is like it {turi- 

 onana) in size, and that its hind-wings are somewhat lighter at the base, 

 though in all other respects it agrees with posticana. Other slight 

 distinctions in colour indicated by him are quite demolished by 

 reference to the variations of southern British specimens, but he goes 

 on to say that posticana may be separated from turionana by the more 

 curved costa of the fore-wings and the greater breadth of the hind-ivings. 

 And again, in describing turionana, he emphatically states that its 



