Dec, 1914 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 97 



subject into convenient groups. The German school of the first 

 half of the nineteenth century, while not so strong numerically — 

 so far as describers of American species are concerned — as the 

 French, is of such vast importance that it could not be sketched 

 in outline short of many papers. The Swedish school was limited 

 to the first period of Linnean history. Italy has contributed com- 

 paratively little, although furnishing a few great names — notably 

 Bonelli, Rossi, and the Costas, father and son. Both the latter 

 devoted themselves to the fauna of the kingdom of Naples, the 

 elder writing from 1821 to 1847. the younger from 1838 to 1859. 

 Scopoli, whose work was considered by Kirby as second only to 

 that of Linne, belongs to the German school in spite of his Italian 

 name and professorship at Pavia. His great work was published 

 in Vienna. He has a few species in the American checklist. Of 

 the early masters Spain does not appear to have furnished any, 

 although in the period now being considered Dr. Felipe Poey, 

 writing from 1832 to 1851, was the Father of Cuban Entomology. 

 He was principally a lepidopterist, but described one species of 

 beetle, Catorama bibliothecanim. 



The Russian school had its great career from about 1805 to the 

 death of Motschulsky. True, it had a German origin, as did many 

 aspects of Russian civilization through the German culture im- 

 ported by Peter the Great. When the great Leconte, in the 

 forties, attached to the expedition of John C. Fremont to ascer- 

 tain the most feasible route for a railroad from the Mississippi 

 River to the Pacific coast, reached his destination, he found that 

 Russian beetle collectors had been there twenty years before. He 

 knew nothing at the time but learned slowly of what they had 

 found. Russia was an old nation with a new civilization — as- 

 cendant from the defeat of Napoleon — becoming a world factor. 

 The Linnean study reached it inevitably. Museums were 

 founded, teachers imported (generally Germans), societies 

 formed. Many rich men took up the collecting hobby. On the 

 whole they were collectors rather than careful students, in spite 

 of the great number of new species and genera they described. 

 They were widely scattered but they combined to make their 

 publication at Moscow famous everywhere. 



This school begins with M. Adams of Moscow, a pupil of 



