GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TEEEITORIES. 243 



varying slightly in the dimensions only. It lies north and south, a 

 portion being in Utah and a portion in Idaho, though the boundary 

 between these two territories does not appear to be well known in this sec- 

 tion. Its length, north and south, is about sixty miles, and its width 

 from three to twelve, averaging about seven or eight. It is well watered 

 on the east side by numerous creeks which rush down from the Wah- 

 satch Mountains ', the northwest portion is traversed by Bear Eiver. 

 Beginning at the south end and moving northward along the east side 

 we arrive at these streams in the following order : Little Bear (or Muddy) 

 Eiver ; eight miles farther, Blacksmith's Fork ; one mile farther, Spring 

 Creek ; two and a half miles farther, Logan's Fork ; eight miles farther. 

 Summit Creek ; seven miles farther, High Creek 5 eight miles farther, 

 Cub Creek; then turning northwest, at a distance often miles we 

 reach Bear Eiver. Along the road, where it crosses these streams, 

 there is generally a little village, the entire valley containing a popula- 

 tion of some four or five thousand. Logan and Smithfield are the i)rin- 

 cipal vilages. 



A little south of Logan, Brigham Young, at the time of our visit, 

 was having inclosed a considerable area of land for grazing purposes, 

 where he is introducing some improved stock, chiefly Devonshire. 

 Some of the village wards also have land here, which they are inclos- 

 ing for stock-raising. Each town has one or more herds of cows, which 

 are daily driven to the pasture by a herder, who has charge of them •, 

 for example, Logan has two herds, amounting to about 500 ; Providence, 

 one of 275 ; Millville, one of 200 ; and Smithfield, one of 300; The 

 area of land under cultivation is not large, not exceeding one-sixth of 

 the area of the valley; but this is in part owing to the fact that stock- 

 raising is the principal business, the valley afiording, especially in the 

 northern part, some excellent grazing fields. Wheat is the chief crop 

 raised, the variety usually sown being what is called the Taos wheat ; 

 club- wheat is also used, but appears to require richer soil and more 

 water than the Taos variety, hence it is not generally cultivated. I 

 noticed some Indian corn growing, but the climate is rather too cold for 

 it. 1^0 fruit-trees, so far as I could ascertain, have yet come into bear- 

 ing, though a number of apple-trees, and some ijear, plum, and peach 

 trees have been planted. Gooseberries and currants appear to grow 

 well and produce an abundance of fruit ; the native currants, when 

 transplanted and cultivated, make fine, large bushes, and bear abnndant 

 crops. Oats, barley, and the hardier vegetables can be grown without 

 difiQculty. 



But a serious drawback to agricultural progress in this valley is the 

 grasshopper scourge. At the time of our visit the lower half of the 

 valley was literally swarming with the Calopienus spretus, or " hateful 

 grasshopper." ]!for was this the only insect pest with which the farmers 

 of this valley seem to be troubled ; for throughout its entire length, the 

 bushes and bunches of grass were often seen covered with " locusts," 

 probably a variety of the Cicada septemdecem. I noticed these insects 

 so abundant in some places that hundreds could have been gathered 

 from a single bush or bunch of rye-grass. In the northern part we also 

 encountered the la^rge brown " cricket," Anahrus simplex^ in immense 

 numbers. 



Bear Eiver is situated in a deep narrow valley which it has cut through 

 the northern part of the valley in a diagonal direction from northeast to 

 southwest. As this stream affords an abundant supply of water, if a 

 canal of some twelve or fifteen miles long was constructed to draw off 

 its water, a large area of the northern portion of the valley, which i? 



