GEOLOGICAL SUEVEY OF THE TEEEITOEIES. 425 



were absolutely developed from the lower. Therefore, while we should 

 not rely upon this as our only guide in arranging the groups, yet it may 

 be used to assist us. 



While no system will fully accord with all the tests which can be 

 applied to it, I think that of Dr. Packard comes nearer to it than any I 

 have seen. But when we turn to his arrangement of the various fami- 

 lies in OrtJioptera, it appears •to me he has somewhat abandoned the 

 principles that guided him in fixing the position of the orders. I am 

 aware tliat he has followed the system proposed by Mr. Scudder, which 

 is founded on that of Burmeister, but it is evident that Mr. Scudder 

 selected a somewhat different basis for his system from that adopted by 

 Dr. Packard. Judging from the arrangement adopted by the latter in 

 regard to the larger groups, I suppose he was guided more by the 

 external form and mode of life than the former — not that he neglected 

 the internal anatomy, embryology, &c. — but that the external anatomy, 

 homologies and modes of life had more influence upon his arrangement 

 than upon that of Mr. Scudder or Burmeister, whom the latter follows. 



Although I have not studied all the families with that care and 

 thoroughness that will enable me to speak with confidence, yet I am 

 inclined to the opinion that the same principles and process of reasoning 

 that led Dr. Packard to arrange the orders in the relative position in 

 which he has placed them will reverse his arrangement of the families 

 of the Orthoptera. 



Fieber's arrangement,* if considered as descending, comes nearer to 

 what I conceive to be the true plan than any other I have seen. It is 

 as follows — 



Tribe 1, Orthoptera genuina : 



Sec. I, Cursoria Fam. 1, Blattina. 



Sec. II, Gressoria Fam. 2, Mantodea. 



Fam. 3, Phasmodea. 



Sec. Ill, Saltatoria Fam. 4, Acridiodea. 



Fam. 5, Locustina. 

 Fam. 6, Gryllodea. 



Sec. IV, Fossoria .Fam. 7, Gryllotalpina. 



Fam. 8, Xyodea. 



Tribe II, Harmoptera Fam. 9, Forficulina. 



I think the division of the Crickets into three families can scarcely be 

 maintained ; I also think the Locustina and Gryllodea should be com- 

 bined in a group as distinct from the Acridiodea. The proper position 

 of the Forficulidce is somewhat puzzling, for if we look at the external 

 form and habits they would undoubtedly approach nearer to the Blattidm 

 than any other family; but if we take the internal anatomy as our guide, 

 they descend to the foot of the order. 



I would therefore arrange the various divisions in the following 

 descending order, the position of the Forficulidce being given with much 

 doubt — 



I. Sub-order Pseudo-orthoptera Fam. 1, ForficulidEe. 



II. Sub-order Orthoptera genuina : 



1. Tribe Cursoria Fam. 2, Blattidse. 



2. Tribe Gressoria Fam. 3, Mantidge. 



3. Tribe Saltatoria: 



Fam. 4, Phasmidae. 



Sec. 1 Fam. 5, Acrididae. 



Sec. 2 .Fam. 6, Locustidse. 



Fam. 7, Gryllidae. 

 * Kelch, Kennt. Orthop., Obers, 1852. 



