380 BOTANICAL GAZETTE [NOVEMBER 
cleft of the diabase. It was less than a foot in height, with trunk three- 
quarters of an inch in diameter. It turned out to be eighty-six years old. 
Fig. 3 shows a tree cut down and held in the writer’s hand. It was about 
a foot high, with trunk one inch in diameter, and ninety-eight years old. 
These trees have very much the appearance of the well-known Japanese 
dwarf trees, so much so indeed that it would be an easy matter for the 
unscrupulous to pot them and palm them off on innocent purchasers. 
Their striking resemblance to the famous products of Japanese horticul- 
tural art suggested to me that from such seashore dwarfs the Japanese 
might very easily have obtained their hint and learned the tricks of culture. 
Bie. 2. 
Two strong dwarfing influences are at work upon these little a 
Columbian trees. In the first place, the root system is strongly spi 3 
between plates of rock. Of some of these trees the whole ee the 
was exposed and it looked a good deal like a sheet of brown paper ae 
trunk of the tree attached to one edge. In the second place, ese 
from the sea dwarf and contort the twigs. So with great a 
the root system and strong wind action upon the shoot ie ae 
accomplished. slender 
These little trees have a very different appearance from the : 
dwarf spruces of bogs in northern Minnesota. In such ein ge 
with trunks an inch or so in diameter have been noted, showing ab 
to sixty years, but they are tall, slender, and regular nea 
upon 
ns trees 
