1904] COPELAND—VARIATION OF CALIFORNIA PLANTS 405 
QUERCUS AGRIFOLIA AND OTHER OAKS. 
Q. agrifolia Née is the commonest live oak of the valley and lower 
hills about Palo Alto. It varies in the shape, size, thickness, and 
pubescence of the leaves, and like all the preceding may be entire or 
verymuch toothed. Variation is by the tree or any part of it, but is by 
no means so extreme and chronic as in the oaks I have illustrated; in 
other words it breeds truer to a type. The other live oak of this region, 
Q. multiflora, is quite restricted as to its habitat; its variation is incon- 
siderable, Among the deciduous oaks, Q. Kelloggii Newberry, 
which is common in the foothills and mountains, is most variable in 
its foliage (and fruit) ; decidedly more so than Q. lobata N ée, the great 
POO 
Fic, 4-—Quercus Wislizeni: all the leaves on two twigs of the same tree. 
white oak of the valleys. In the mountainous north end of the state, 
0. Kelloggii is still very variable, as is the Q. Garryana Dougl., found 
I. On the slopes of Mt. Eddy, Q. vacciniijolia Kellogg, ranging 
iat the foot of the mountain up in an extreme case to well above 
line,” has as variable leaves as Q. chrysolepis. The leaves 
ie small oak of the moist wooded valleys of this region, known as 
e. "multiflora, are very uniform in all respects; but quite unlike those 
©. multiflora of the south. 7 
to “48es of all these oaks the fact cannot be too strongly 
ie that I have been discussing only real variation, as ea 
Made it any influence of the environment as experiment could have 
~The Influence of differences of environment, wherever 
fae 7 ® Very evident, and has been broadly handled by BREN- 
‘ © points out the great differences the environment causes 
1909. aaa a Klima und Blatt bei der Gattung Quercus. Flora 90: 114-160. 
Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Gattung Quercus, idem 466-470. 
