28 BOTANICAL GAZETTE - [JANUARY 
1. Upland types. 
A. Harpwoop TyPe. There is very little hardwood in the region 
studied, but it is quite typical of all northern Michigan. Areas so 
covered have not been so thoroughly lumbered as those covered 
with pine forests. The original form of this type comprised the follow- 
ing characteristic trees:$ Acer saccharum, Fagus americana, Tsuga 
canadensis, Ulmus americana, U. racemosa, U. julva, Abies balsamea, 
Betula lutea, some Picea canadensis and P. mariana, often scattered 
Pinus Strobus of enormous size, together with such low forms as 
Rubus strigosus,. Mitchella repens, Lycopodium clavatum, Taxus 
minor, Amelanchier canadensis, Lappula virginiana, Hedeoma 
pulegioides, Solidago caesia, etc. Acer, Fagus, and Tsuga.make 
up three-fourths of the forest, now one and new another of the three 
being dominant. 
Lumbering has affected this type very little, excepting by removing 
the white pine, and in some cases the hemlock. Hardwood lumbering 
is now going on in the areas covered by this type; in these operations 
everything is being removed which is merchantable. Fires have not 
injured this form of forest to any extent, and the original humus 
usually remains. 
B. Wuite PINE tyPE. This is typical pinery, often containing 
little besides white pine. Usually, however, there is an intermixture 
of Norway pine (P. resinosa), and often of hardwoods. The type — 
is quite sharply distinguished from the preceding, but not nearly so _ 
well marked off from the following type, into which it grades in many 
places. As has been stated, there is at present hardly any of this 
type in the region under discussion. In lumbering all the pine was 
_ removed, and the subsequent fires have killed the young growth of 
this tree as well as the scattering hardwoods. Over vast stretches 
originally covered with white pine there are now no trees at all. 
They are regions of dwarfed Quercus alba, Q. rubra, Acer rubrum, — 
and a number of shrubs. The oaks and maples are rarely more eG 
than twice as high as a man, are burned down every few years, and 
exist here only because of the fact that they sprout from the roots, — 
which are not always killed by the fire. ee 
8 ‘The semnenclatere is that of Brrrron and Brown’s Illustrated Flora. 
