1905] LIVINGSTON—RELATION OF SOILS TO VEGETATION 29 
thus possess enormous roots which are partially dead or dying, 
gnarled, contorted, and deformed by frequent burning. For an 
interesting description of how maples, oaks, etc., are able to attain 
great age in this manner, and still not be over a few feet in height, 
the reader is referred to BEAL’s® paper on this subject, which is 
accompanied by convincing illustrations. 
Among the lower forms occurring here may be mentioned the follow- 
ing: Rhus hirta, Monarda fjistulosa, Pteris aquilina, Gaylussacia resi- 
nosa, Vaccinium pennsylvanicum, V.canadense, Comptonia peregrina, 
Solidago hispida, Hamamelis virginiana, etc. The ground between 
the blackened stumps is now thoroughly covered by densely growing 
sweet fern, huckleberry, and blueberry, the growth of the sweet fern 
being so luxuriant that the numerous prostrate logs are often entirely 
hidden from sight. 
C. NoRWAY PINE TyPE. At the time of lumbering, this type 
consisted mainly of the species for which it is named, but usually 
contained scattering white pine and more numerous though often 
dwarfed red and white oaks and red maples. The present’ aspect 
of this type is much the same as that of the preceding. The two 
oaks, red maple, and seedling Norway are the characteristic trees 
now. Seedling Norways are more numerous than in the preceding 
type, perhaps because of the greater number of seed trees here, as 
well as the somewhat greater ability of this species to withstand fire 
than that possessed by the white pine. The low plants are much the 
same as in the last. Solidago caesia of that type is replaced here by 
S. juncea; and Lacinaria scariosa is common here, as it was not in 
the other group. 
D. JACK PINETYPE. This is the most open of the series and occurs 
on the most sterile sands of the area. The only trees are Pinus 
divaricata, Quercus coccinea, Prunus virginiana, and seedlings of 
Populus tremuloides and P. grandidentata. All but the pine and 
oak are hardly more than shrubs. Besides the trees there occur on 
the jack pine areas the following low plants: Pieris aquilina, Solidago 
nemoralis, the three blueberries above mentioned (but rarely the 
huckleberry), Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi, Comptonia peregrina, Prunus 
9 BEAL, W. J., Observations on the succession of forests in northern Michigan. 
27th Ann. Rept., Bd. of Agric. Mich. 1888. pp. 74-78. 
