1905] LIVINGSTON—RELATION OF SOILS TO VEGETATION 31 
toward a swamp. It may be looked upon as intermediate between 
the tamarack-arborvitae type and that of the hardwood. There is 
always a great mingling of species here. Among the trees are; 
Larix laricina, Thuja occidentalis, Picea mariana, P. excelsa, Abies 
balsamea, Betula papyrijera, B. lutea, Fraxinus americana, Tsuga 
canadensis, Sorbus americana, Acer saccharum, Prunus serotina, 
Pinus strobus, Amelanchier canadensis, etc., together with such low 
forms as Rubus strigosus, R. villosus, Pteris aquilina, Lycopodium 
clavatum, Taxus minor, Alnus, and Ilex verticillatus. The relative 
proportions of the different trees vary from one locality to another, 
so that nothing definite can be stated in this regard. 
DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST TYPES. 
The actual distribution of the types is shown by green lines on 
the accompanying map. The upland types are denoted by letters, 
each area bearing a letter to denote the type which it represents. 
Thus, H denotes hardwood; W, white pine; N, Norway pine; J, 
‘« +k pine; and these letters stand for types A, B, C, and D, respectively. 
Of the lowland formations the open meadow is represented by the 
‘conventional sign for marsh where it exists over broad areas. 
The main facts of distribution are presented in the following 
paragraphs. The upland and the lowland types will be considered 
separately. 
7 U plands. 
The hardwood type occurs in this region always on soils which 
~ contain considerable amounts of clay. Such soils are always covered 
to a depth of several inches with leaf mold or humus, and in this layer 
the seedlings of hardwood and hemlock grow and thrive. 
_ The white pine type occurs in the clayey Murray Hills, on the most 
clayey parts of Norway Hill, and on the great southeastern moraine, 
in T. 21 N., R. 2 W. These soils are often as clayey as those of 
-many of the hardwood areas, but are higher and therefore better 
drained. It also occupies most of the gravelly ridge in T. 25 N., 
R.2W. Very often the swamp margins are occupied by this type also, 
especially where the slopes are not abrupt, a condition which gives 
_ humus a chance to collect in the sand. 
